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Chapter 2
Atoms and the
Periodic Table
Kent L. McCorkle
Cosumnes River College
Sacramento, CA
Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2.2 Subatomic Particles and Atomic Structure
Beta (β) rays, or β particles, are electrons so they are deflected away
from the negatively charged plate.
Gamma (γ) rays, like X-rays, have no charge and are unaffected by
external electric or magnetic fields.
Subatomic Particles and Atomic Structure
Sometimes, α particles
bounced back in the direction
from which they had come.
Subatomic Particles and Atomic Structure
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What are atoms made of?
Neutrons: neutral particles that are housed in the nucleus. They act to
hold the protons in place since like charges repel each
other. Neutrons have significant mass
Electrons have negligible mass, have a negative charge and are allowed
to roam freely in the electron cloud so they take up significant
volume in the atom
Taylor 2010
2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
The mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons.
Protons and neutrons are collectively referred to as nucleons.
Mass number
A
X
(number of protons + neutrons)
Elemental symbol
Atomic number Z
(number of protons)
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
Most elements have two or more isotopes, atoms that have the
same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A).
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6C ?
11
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6C ?
2.3
Ions
Atoms are neutral—meaning that the number of protons
is equal to the number of electrons
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na +
10 electrons
Number of Protons = Z
Numbers of Neutrons = A – Z
Number of electrons = Z - C
Do You Understand Ions?
27 3+
How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in Al ?
13
Protons = 13
Neutrons = 27-13 = 14
Electrons = 13 – 3 = 10
78 2-
How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in 34Se ?
Protons = 34
Neutrons = 78 – 34 = 44
Electrons = 34 – (-2) = 36
Taylor 2012
Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale
1
H = 1.008 amu
16
O = 16.00 amu
3.1
2.4 Average Atomic Mass
3.1
Average atomic mass (6.941)
Names associated with an amount
3.2
2.6 The Mole and Molar Mass
NA = 6.0221415 x 1023
Water
Sugar (Sucrose)
Aluminum Copper
Salt (Sodium Chloride)
Molar Mass
Although molar mass specifies the mass of one mole, making the
units (g), we usually express molar masses in units of grams per
mole (g/mol) to facilitate cancellation of units in calculations.
Worked Example 2.4
Determine (a) the number of moles of C in 25.00 g of carbon, (b) the number of
moles of He in 10.50 g of helium, and (c) the number of moles of Na in 15.75 g
of sodium.
Strategy Molar mass of an element is numerically equal to its average atomic
mass. Use the molar mass for each element to convert from mass to moles.
Think About It Always double-check unit cancellations in
Setup (a) The molar mass of carbon is 12.01 g/mol. (b) The molar mass of
problems such as these–errors are common when molar
helium is 4.003 g/mol. (c) The molar mass of sodium is 22.99 g/mol.
mass is used as a conversion factor. Also make sure that
Solutionthe results make sense. For example, in the case of part
1 mol C
(a)25.00(c),
g Ca×mass smaller than
= 2.082 mol C mass corresponds to
the molar
12.01 g C
less than a mole.
1 mol He
(b)10.50 g He × = 2.623 mol He
4.003 g He
1 mol Na
(c)15.75 g Na × = 0.6851 mol Na
22.99 g Na
Interconverting Mass, Moles, and Number of Atoms
Molar mass is the conversion factor from mass to moles, and vice
versa.
Determine (a) the number of C atoms in 0.515 g of carbon, and (b) the mass of
helium that contains 6.89×1018 He atoms.
Strategy Use the conversions depicted in the previous slide to convert (a) from
grams to moles to atoms and (b) from atoms to moles to grams.
Think About It A ballpark estimate can help you prevent
Setup (a) The molar mass of carbon is 12.01 g/mol. (b) The molar mass of
common errors. For example, the mass in part (a) is smaller
helium is 4.003 g/mol. NA = 6.022×10 23
than the molar mass of carbon. Therefore, you should
Solutionexpect a number of atoms smaller than Avogadro’s number.
Likewise, 1 mol
the C
number of 6.022in×10
atoms 23
part C(b)
atoms
is smaller than 22 C atoms
(a)0.515 g C × × = 2.58×10
Avogadro’s12.01 g C Therefore, 1you
number. molshould
C expect a mass
of helium smaller than the molar mass of helium.
1 mol He 4.003 g He
(b)6.89×1018 He atoms × 6.022 ×1023 He atoms × 1 mol He
= 4.58×10-5 g He
How many atoms are in
0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
6.44 mg