Mastering Chemistry: - Topic 3 Metals

Mastering
Chemistry
• Book 1C
• Topic 3 Metals
Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

Unit 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals 2
Content
10.1 Uses of metals
10.2 Occurrence of metals

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore
10.4 Extraction of iron
10.5 Extraction of aluminium
10.6 Order of discovery of metals and their
relative ease of extraction
Continued on next page

Content
10.7 How long will metal reserves last?
10.8 Recycling metals
Key terms
Summary
Unit Exercise

10.1 Uses of metals (p.2)
Metals find extensive use. The choice of metal depends on

w physical properties (m. p., strength, density, conductivities);
w chemical properties (reaction with air);
w cost.

10.2 Occurrence of metals (p.3)
w The major source of metals is the Earth’s crust.

w Abundance: 1. oxygen > 2. silicon > 3. aluminium > 4. iron

10.2 Occurrence of metals (p.3)
w Very unreactive metals—found in free state.

e.g. gold, silver and platinum
w More reactive ones—found as compounds, minerals (礦物).
e.g. as carbonates, oxides, sulphides and halides
w Ores (礦石) = rocks with high enough mineral concentration

for economical extraction
e.g. bauxite: i.e. hydrated aluminium oxide
Al2O3•2H2O

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore (p.5)

Steps in extraction of a metal:
w concentration of ore—remove unwanted materials
w conversion to oxide
roasting (焙燒)—heat strongly in excess air
calcination (煅燒)—heat strongly with limited or no air
w extraction: heat / heat with C or CO / electrolysis

reduction (還原作用)—remove O from metal oxide
C or CO serves as a reducing agent (還原劑)
w purification—required unless extracted using

electrolysis

Extracting metals with

carbon Ref.


Q (Example 10.1)
Copper is extracted from copper(II) carbonate in a two-step
process.
Step 1 Copper(II) carbonate is coverted to copper(II) oxide.
Step 2 The oxygen is removed from the copper(II) oxide by heating with carbon.
a) (i) Describe how copper(II) carbonate is converted to
copper(II) oxide
(ii) Write the word equation for the reaction involved.
b) (i) Write the word equation for the reaction involved in Step 2.
(ii) What do you call a reaction in which oxygen is removed?


A
a) (i) Heat in air.
(ii)
b) (i)
(ii) Reduction


Practice 10.1
A student heated a mixture of powdered carbon and lead(II) oxide in the set-
up shown below.


a) i) What could be observed inside the crucible at the end of the reaction?
Shiny silvery globules of lead
ii) Write the word equation for the reaction that occurred.
lead(II) oxide + carbon à lead + carbon monoxide (or carbon dioxide)
b) Name another substance that can reduce lead(II) oxide to lead.
Carbon monoxide
c) The student repeated the experiment by using aluminium oxide instead of
lead(II) oxide.
State and explain the expected result.
No reaction occurs
Carbon cannot remove oxygen from aluminium oxide.

10.4 Extraction of iron (p.9)

Extraction of iron—reduction of its ore (haematite, iron(III) oxide)
by carbon monoxide in the blast furnace (鼓風爐).
w Coke burns as hot air is blasted in:
w Carbon dioxide reacts with more coke:
w Carbon monoxide rises up and reduces iron(III) oxide:
w Molten iron flows down, whose impurities are removed by

limestone to form a slag.

10.4 Extraction of iron (p.9)

10.5 Extraction of aluminium (p.11)

w Aluminium is most abundant metal in Earth’s crust.
w Its main ore bauxite = aluminium oxide
(sand and iron(III) oxides impurities make it reddish brown)
w It must be extracted by electrolysis.
A bauxite mine in
Queensland, Australia


w Aluminium oxide (m.p. > 2000 oC) is expensive to heat up.
w First dissolved in cryolite
w Electrolysis can then be carried out at about 950 oC.


Practice 10.2
Iron and aluminium are two important metals extracted from their ores on a
large scale.
In the extraction of iron, three different raw materials — coke, iron ore and
limestone are added through the top of a blast furnace.
a) What is the name of the ore of iron which consists mainly of iron(III)
oxide? Haematite
b) Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide by using carbon monoxide in a blast
furnace.
i) Describe the main way in which the carbon monoxide is produced in
the blast furnace. The coke burns in air to form carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide reacts with more coke to form carbon monoxide.
ii) Write the word equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide in the blast
furnace. Iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide à iron + carbon dioxide


c) Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis. This is a more
expensive
process than using a blast furnace.
i) Why is a different method used for aluminium?
Aluminium is more reactive than iron. / Aluminium oxide cannot be
reduced by carbon monoxide.
ii) Name the ore from which most aluminium is extracted.
Bauxite
iii) Suggest why the cost of extracting aluminium is high.
High cost of electricity

10.6 Order of discovery of metals and the

relative ease of extraction (p.14)
w Metals that are difficult to extract were discovered later.

10.7 How long will metal reserves last? (p.15)

w Reserves of metal ores, hence metals, will not last forever.
w Conserve valuable metal reserves for as long as you can.
Numbers of years remaining

of global metal reserves

10.8 Recycling metals (p.15)

w Metals could be reused and recycled.
w The pros and cons of recycling:
Pros:
1. reserves conserved;
2. mining reduced;
3. pollutants reduced;
4. energy used less (vs.extracting new metals).
Cons:
1. recycling costs more than extracting for a cheap metal;
2. cost of separating metals from waste can be high;
3. high transport costs;
4. habbit of waste dumping to recycle bins.

10.8 Recycling metals (p.15)

w Recycling aluminium cans: 95% energy saved; no loss of quality

Key terms (p.19)
mineral 礦物 reduction 還原作用

ore 礦石 reducing agent 還原劑
extraction 提取 blast furnace 鼓風爐
roasting 焙燒 recycling 循環再造
calcination 煅燒 roasting 煅燒

Summary (p.20)
1 Aluminium and iron are the two most abundant metals in
the Earth’s crust.
2 Very unreactive metals like gold, silver and platinum are
found in free state.
3 Metals are found combined with other elements as
minerals.
4 Ores are rocks containing minerals in concentrations that
are high enough for economical extraction.

Summary (p.20)
5 Steps of extraction of metals are:

a) concentration of ore (removing unwanted materials
from an ore);
b) conversion of ore to oxide by roasting or calcination;
c) extraction of metal;
d) purification of metal.

Summary (p.20)
6 The following table summarises different methods of
metal extraction.

Summary (p.20)
7 The sequence of discovery of various metals relates
closely with the ease of extracting the metals from their
ores. Reactive metals are difficult to extract and
discovered later than unreactive metals.
8 Main advantages of recycling metals are as follows:
• Natural reserves of metal ores will last longer.
• The need to mine ores is reduced.
• Less pollution may be produced.
• Many metals need less energy to recycle them than to
extract new metals from the ores.
• Less waste metal ends up in landfill sites.

Unit Exercise (p.22)
Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of

difficulty (from 1 to 5):
question targeted at level 3 and above;

question targeted at level 4 and above;
question targeted at level 5.
‘ * ’ indicates 1 mark is given for effective communication.


PART I KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
a) gold / silver / platinum
1 Complete the following concept map. b) free state
c) mercury
d) heating alone
e) iron / lead / zinc
f) heating with carbon or
carbon monoxide
g) aluminium / sodium
h) electrolysis


PART II MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2 What is the main compound found in galena?
A Lead(II) oxide
B Lead(II) sulphide
C Mercury(II) oxide
D Mercury(II) sulphide
Answer: B

3 Which of the following elements is the second most abundant

in the Earth’s crust?
A Aluminium
B Iron
C Oxygen
D Silicon Answer: D

4 Which of the following objects is LEAST likely to contain

aluminium?
A A bicycle frame
B A hammer
C An overhead power cable
D An areoplane body Answer: B

5 As shown in the diagram below, the glowing splint relights

when solid Z is heated.
Answer: A
Which of the following chemicals may Z be?
A HgO
B Al2O3
C CaCO3
D MgCO3
(HKDSE, Paper 1A, 2014, 14)

6 Which of the following statements about the extraction

of metals from their oxides is correct?
A Silver can be extracted from its oxide by physical methods.

B Aluminium can be extracted by heating its oxide.
C Lead can be extracted by heating its oxide with carbon.
D Sodium can be extracted by heating its oxide with carbon
monoxide.
Answer: C

7 Iron is extracted from haematite in a blast furnace.The

haematite contains silicon dioxide as an impurity.
Which of the following substances reacts with this impurity to

have it removed?
A Calcium oxide
B Carbon
C Carbon dioxide
D Oxygen
Answer: A

8 Which of the following processes would NOT produce

metal?
A Heating zinc oxide

B Heating copper(II) oxide with carbon
C Electrolysis of molten lithium chloride
D Heating iron(III) oxide with carbon monoxide
(HKDSE, Paper 1B, 2017, 9)
Answer: A

9 Which of the following timelines shows the correct order of

discovery of four metals: aluminium, gold, iron and silver?
Answer: C
Explanation: Aluminium is
the most reactive among
the four metals.
Thus, it was discovered
last.

10 Which of the following is / are oxide ore(s)?
(1) Bauxite
(2) Copper pyrite
(3) Zinc blende
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
Answer: A
D (2) and (3) only

11 Which of the following statements about the extraction of

iron from haematite in a blast furnace is / are correct?
(1) Hot air is blown in at the bottom of the furnace.

(2) Iron(II) oxide is reduced to iron.
(3) Calcium carbonate acts as a reducing agent.
A (1) only
B (2) only
Answer: A
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only


PART III STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
12 The pictures show some items made of metals.
Complete the table by

• naming a metal commonly used to make each item;
• giving ONE property of the metal that makes it suitable for the use.


13 The table shows the properties of some metals.
Use the information in the table to answer the questions.


a) Which metal would be most useful for making overhead power cables?
Give TWO reasons for your answer.
a) Aluminium (1) low density; (1) good electrical conductivity (1)
b) Why is iron and NOT tungsten used to reinforce concrete?

b) Any one of the following:
• Iron is stronger while tungsten is weaker. (1)
• Iron is cheap while tungsten is expensive. (1)
c) The front part of a space rocket is called a nose cone. The nose cone gets
very hot as the space rocket move through the air.
Which metal is best to make a space rocket nose cone?
Explain your answer.
(Cambridge IGCSE, 0620/31, Paper 3, Jun. 2017, 6a(i)–(iii))the use.
c) Tungsten (1)
because it has a very high melting point. (1)


14 Place the following metals in the correct space in the table.
mercury, sodium, zinc


15 Galena (containing lead(II) sulphide) is an ore of lead. Lead is extracted from
the ore in a two-step process.
Step 1 Lead(II) sulphide is converted to lead(II) oxide.
Step 2 Lead(II) oxide is reduced to lead.
a) i) Describe how lead(II) oxide is made from lead(II) sulphide.

By roasting / heating the ore strongly in the presence of excess air (1)
ii) Write the word equation for the reaction involved.
lead(II) sulphide + oxygen à lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide (1)
b) Lead(II) oxide can be reduced by carbon.
i) What is the meaning of the term ‘reduction’?
Removal of oxygen (1)
ii) Write the word equation for the reaction of lead(II) oxide with carbon.
lead(II) oxide + carbon à lead + carbon monoxide (or carbon dioxide) (1)
iii) Explain why, in the laboratory, the reaction should be carried out in a
fume cupboard.
Toxic carbon monoxide gas is formed. (1)


16 Iron is extracted from its ore in a blast furnace.
a) In the extraction of iron, three different raw materials are put into the top
of a blast furnace.
Name the main compound present in the each of the raw materials.
i) Haematite Iron(III) oxide (1) ii) Limestone Calcium carbonate (1)
b) The main compound in haematite is reduced to iron by reduction.

i) What is the reducing agent used?
Carbon monoxide (1)
ii) Write the word equation for the reaction involved.
Iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide à iron + carbon dioxide (1)
c) Molten iron and another molten substance are collected at the bottom of
the blast furnace.
What is the common name of this other molten substance?
Slag (1)


17 Aluminium is extracted from its ore by using electrolysis. Copper is extracted
from its ore by heating with carbon.
a) Explain why different methods are used to extract aluminium and copper.
Aluminium is more reactive than copper. / Aluminium oxide cannot be
reduced by carbon. (1)
b) Molten aluminium oxide is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
Predict the products of electrolysis at
i) the positive electrode; Oxygen (1)

ii) the negative electrode. Aluminium (1)
c) Aluminium and copper are good conductors of electricity.

State ONE property that makes aluminium more suitable than copper for
making overhead cables.
Aluminium has a low density. (1)


18 The table gives information about the extraction of some metals.
a) Explain why gold is found in free state in the Earth’s crust.

Gold is unreactive. (1)
b) Suggest how zinc can be extracted from its oxide.
By heating with carbon / carbon monoxide (1)
c) Sodium is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth’s crust.
Explain why sodium was not extracted until 1807.
Sodium is very reactive. (1)
It can only be extracted by electrolysis. / Its extraction had to wait for the
discovery of electricity. (1)


19 Chalcocite, an ore of copper, contains copper(I) sulphide.
The flow diagram shows how copper metal is extracted from chalcocite.


a) Suggest ONE reason why it is difficult to dispose of the waste rock.
Large amounts of rock to dispose of as waste / Waste rock takes up a lot of space. (1)
b) The reaction in the furnace could cause environmental pollution.
Explain how.
Copper(I) sulphide reacts with oxygen to produce sulphur dioxide that
causes acid rain. (1)
c) The extraction of pure copper is expensive.
Give ONE reason why.
Any one of the following:
• Large amounts of fuels used for the furnace and electrolysis (1)
• The extraction has many steps (1)
• Large amounts of ore have to be mined (1)
d) Pure copper is produced by electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution.
Towards which electrode do the copper(II) ions move?
(AQA GCSE (Higher Tier), C1, Jun. 2013, 2(b))
Copper(II) ions move towards the negative electrode (1)
because copper(II) ions are positively charged. (1)


20 Iron can be recycled.
Suggest TWO advantages of recycling metals.
Any two of the following:
• recycling promotes sustainable development (1)
• fewer pollutants may be produced (1)
• use less energy than extraction (1)
• preserves limited natural resources (1)
• correct reference to cost (1)
• stops metals going to landfill (1)
• does not damage the landscape (1)


21 a) Copper is a good conductor of electricity and is used for electric wiring.
Give a different property of copper and ONE use which relies on this
property.
Any one of the following:


b) The amount of copper-rich ores is estimated to last only a few more years.
New houses need several kilometres of copper wires.
Suggest TWO ways in which society could overcome this problem.
Any two of the following:
• Any specific example of using less copper (1)
• Reuse / recycle (1)
• Use low-grade copper ores (1)
• Use other metals / materials in place of copper (1)

Mastering Chemistry: - Topic 3 Metals

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Mastering

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.2 Occurrence of metals

Continued on next page

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.1 Uses of metals (p.2)

Metals find extensive use. The choice of metal depends on

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.2 Occurrence of metals (p.3)

w The major source of metals is the Earth’s crust.

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.2 Occurrence of metals (p.3)

w Very unreactive metals—found in free state.

w Ores (礦石) = rocks with high enough mineral concentration

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore (p.5)

calcination (煅燒)—heat strongly with limited or no air

w extraction: heat / heat with C or CO / electrolysis

w purification—required unless extracted using

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore (p.5)

Extracting metals with

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore (p.5)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore (p.5)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore (p.5)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.3 Extraction of a metal from its ore (p.5)

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10.4 Extraction of iron (p.9)

w Carbon dioxide reacts with more coke:

w Carbon monoxide rises up and reduces iron(III) oxide:

w Molten iron flows down, whose impurities are removed by

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

10.4 Extraction of iron (p.9)

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10.5 Extraction of aluminium (p.11)

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10.5 Extraction of aluminium (p.11)

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10.5 Extraction of aluminium (p.11)

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10.5 Extraction of aluminium (p.11)

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10.6 Order of discovery of metals and the

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10.7 How long will metal reserves last? (p.15)

Numbers of years remaining

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10.8 Recycling metals (p.15)

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10.8 Recycling metals (p.15)

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Key terms (p.19)

mineral 礦物 reduction 還原作用

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5 Steps of extraction of metals are:

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