Department of Education

National Capital Region

S CHOOLS DIVIS ION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

General Chemistry 1
First Quarter-Module 6:
Stoichiometry: The Use of Chemical Formulas to
Represent Chemical Reactions

Writer: Russel S. Berador

Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon
Cover Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Matter. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

Learning Competencies
• Write and balanced chemical equations STEM_GC11CRIf-g-37
• Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in order to calculate the amount
of reactant needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass
STEM_GC11MRIg-h-38

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Writing and balancing chemical reactions
• Lesson 2 – Interpret a balanced chemical reaction

After
going through this module, you are expected to
1.define stoichiometry;
2.explain how balanced equations apply to both chemistry and everyday life;
3.identify the quantities that are always conserved in chemical reactions;
4.derive chemical equations from narrative descriptions of chemical reactions;
5.write and balance chemical equations in molecular, total ionic, and net ionic
formats;
6. interpret balanced chemical equations in terms of:
a) moles,
b) representative particles,
c) mass, and
d) gas volume (Liters) at STP; and
7. determine mole or mass ratios for a reaction to calculate the amount of
reactant needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass.

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 What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. How many atoms are there in 3.5 moles of arsenic atoms?

A. 2.1 x 1024 atoms C. 5.8 x 10-24 atoms
B. 2.6 x 102 atoms D. 7.5 x 101 atoms

2. How many bromide ions are there in 1.5 moles of MgBr2?

A. 1.8 x 1024 ions C. 5.0 x 10-24 ions
B. 2.8 x 102 ions D. 9.0 x 1023 ions

3. How many hydrogen atoms are in 5 molecules of isopropyl alcohol, C 3H8O?

A. 5 C. 35 x (6.02 x 1023)
B. 5 x (6.02 x 10 )
23 D. None of the above

4. How many moles of SO3 are in 2.4 x 1024 molecules of SO3?

A. 0.25 C. 2.9 x 10-23
B. 4.0 D. 3.4 x 1022

5. Which of the following is NOT a representative particle?

A. anion C. electron
B. cation D. molecule

6. Which of the following elements exists as a diatomic molecule?

A. aluminum C. nitrogen
B. lithium D. sulfur

7. Avogadro's number of representative particles is equal to one _____.

A. gram C. liter
B. kelvin D. mole

8. All of the following are equal to Avogadro's number EXCEPT _____.

A. the number of atoms of gold in 1 mol Au
B. the number of atoms of bromine in 1 mol Br2
C. the number of molecules of nitrogen in 1 mol N 2
D. the number of molecules of carbon monoxide in 1 mol CO

9. Avogadro's number is _____.

A. a mole C. a dozen of mole
B. 6.02 x 1023 D. the weight of a carbon atom

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10.Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the gram atomic mass?
A. The gram atomic mass is 12 g for magnesium.
B. The gram atomic mass is the mass of one mole of atoms.
C. The gram atomic mass is found by checking the periodic table.
D. The gram atomic mass is the number of grams of an element that is
numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu.

11.The gram atomic masses of any two elements contain the same number of _____.
A. anions C. grams
B. atoms D. ions

12. The gram formula mass of C7H16 and the gram formula mass of CaCO3 contain
approximately the same number of _____.
A. Anions C. cations
B. Atoms D. grams

13. The gram molecular mass of oxygen gas is _____.

A. 16.0 g
B. 32.0 g
C. there is not enough information given
D. equal to the mass of one mole of oxygen atoms

14.What is the gram formula mass of AuCl 3?

A. 96 g C. 303.6 g
B. 130 g D. 626.5 g

15. What is the gram formula mass of chromic sulfate, Cr 2(SO4)3?

A. 148.1 g C. 288.0 g
B. 200.0 g D. 392.2 g

Lesson 1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Reaction

In the world of chemistry, chemical symbols are often used in writing chemical
reactions and chemical equations. The reactants are shown on the left side of the
equation and the products are displayed on the right, with the detachment of either
a single or double arrow that marked the direction of the reaction. The single and
double arrow is significant when discussing solubility constants, but we will not go
into detail about it in this module. To balance an equation, it is required that there
are the same number of atoms on the left side of the equation and the right.
Moreover, one can do this by raising the coefficients.

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 What’s In

In the last module, you have learned the relationship of percent composition
and chemical formula. Before you proceed to the lessons of this module, take time
to read the following major concepts about empirical formula and molecular formula:

• Empirical formulas is the simplest form of notation.

– The molecular formula for a compound is alike to, or a whole-number
multiple of, its empirical formula.
– Like molecular formulas, empirical formulas are not distinctive and can
relate a number of different chemical structures or isomers.
– To learn an empirical formula, the mass composition of its elements
can be used to mathematically determine their ratio.
• Molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the total number of atoms
of each element in each molecule of a substance.
– contained of the chemical symbols for the constituent elements come
after by numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms of each
element present in the molecule.
– the simplest whole-integer ratio of atoms in a compound.
– dense and easy to communicate but need the information about
bonding and atomic arrangement that is given in a structural formula.

What’s New

Writing and Balancing Chemical Reactions

This lesson introduces the use of element symbols to represent individual

atoms. As soon as atoms lose or gain electrons to combine or give ions with other
atoms to form molecules, their symbols are modified or combined to generate
chemical formulas that appropriately represent these substances. Expanding this
symbolism to constitute both the identities and the relative quantities of substances
undertake a chemical (or physical) change requires writing and balancing a chemical
equation. Given below is an example of reaction between one molecule of methane
(CH4) and two diatomic molecules of oxygen (O2) to yield one molecule of carbon
dioxide (CO2) and two molecules of water (H2O).

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 The given reaction between methane and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water can be represented by a chemical equation using formulas. This example
shows the principal aspects of any chemical equation. The substances which
undergoes reactions are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left
side of the equation. The substances which are the results of the reactions are called
products. Their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+)
distinct individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (⟶) distinct the
reactant and product (left and right) sides of the equation. The respective numbers
of reactant and products are constituted by coefficients (numbers placed right away
to the left of each formula). A coefficient of 1 is generally omitted.

It is ordinary practice to employ the smallest possible whole-number

coefficients in a chemical equation. However, these coefficients constitute the relative
numbers of reactants and products. Therefore, they may be precisely interpreted as
ratios. Methane and oxygen react to give carbon dioxide and water in a 1:2:1:2 ratio.
This ratio is satisfied if the numbers of these molecules are, respectively, 1-2-1-2, or
2-4-2-4, or 3-6-3-6, and so on. In addition, these coefficients may be explained with
regard to any amount (number) unit, and so this equation may be precisely read in
many ways, including:
• One molecule of methane and two molecules of oxygen react to
give one molecule of carbon and two molecules of water.
• One dozen molecules of methane and two dozen molecules of oxygen react to
give one dozen molecules of carbon dioxide and two dozen molecules of water.
• One mole molecules of methane and 2 moles molecules of oxygen react to
give 1 mole molecules of carbon dioxide and 2 moles molecules of water.

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Anyhow, the absolute numbers of molecules involved, the ratios between numbers
of molecules of each kind that react (reactants) and molecules of each kind that give
(products) are the same and are given by the chemical reaction equation.

Activity 1.1
Write the correct label of the given equation of water.

What Is It

Balancing Chemical Equation

Frequently, balanced chemical equation may be derived from a qualitative

description of some chemical reaction by a justly simple approach known as
balancing by inspection. Consider the example of decomposition of water to give

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molecular oxygen and hydrogen. This procedure is represented qualitatively by
an unbalanced chemical equation:

H2O⟶H2+O2(unbalanced)

Comparing the number of H and O atoms on either side of this equation

confirms it is imbalance:

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

H 1 × 2 = 2 1 × 2 = 2 2 = 2, yes
O 1 × 1 = 1 1 × 2 = 2 1 ≠ 2, no

The numbers of H atoms on the reactant and product sides of the equation
are uniform or equal, but the numbers of O atoms are not equal. To attain balance,
the coefficients of the equation may be changed as needed. Remember, that
the formula subscripts give the identity of the substance and these cannot be altered
without changing the qualitative meaning of the equation. For instance, changing
the reactant formula from H2O to H2O2 will give balance in the number of atoms, by
doing so also changes the reactant’s identity (now it’s hydrogen peroxide and not
water). The O atom balance may be attained by changing the coefficient for H 2O to
2.

2H2O⟶H2+O2(unbalanced)2H2O⟶H2+O2(unbalanced)

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

H 2 × 2 = 4 1 × 2 = 2 4 ≠ 2, no
O 2 × 1 = 2 1 × 2 = 2 2 = 2, yes

The H atom balance was upset by this change but it is easily reestablished by
changing the coefficient for the H2 product to 2.

2H2O⟶2H2+O2(balanced)2H2O⟶2H2+O2(balanced)

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

H 2 × 2 = 4 2 × 2 = 4 4 = 4, yes
O 2 × 1 = 2 1 × 2 = 2 2 = 2, yes

These coefficients yield equal numbers of both H and O atoms on the reactant and
product sides and the balanced equation is, therefore:

2H2O⟶2H2+O2

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Activity 1.2
Balance the given equations by completing the table. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper
1) CH4+O2⟶CO2+H2O

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

C
H
O

2) N2+O2⟶N2O5

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

N
O

Additional Information in Chemical Equations

The physical states of reactants and products in chemical equations usually

are indicated with a parenthetical abbreviation following the formulas. Common
abbreviations include solids ( s ), liquids ( l ), gases ( g ) and substances dissolved in
water or aqueous solutions ( aq ).

2Na(s)+2H2O(l)⟶2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)2Na(s)+2H2O(l)⟶2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)

This equation represents the reaction that occur when sodium metal is placed
in water. The solid sodium reacts with liquid water to give molecular hydrogen gas
and the ionic compound sodium hydroxide (solid in pure form, readily dissolved in
water). In specific conditions necessary for a reaction are sometimes deputed by
writing a word or symbol above or below the equation’s arrow. For instance, a
reaction carried out by heating may be stipulated by the uppercase Greek letter
delta (Δ) over the arrow.

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s)+CO2(g)CaCO3(s)→ΔCaO(s)+CO2(g)

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 What’s More

Equations for Ionic Reactions

Considering the abundance of water on earth, justify the reason that a great
many chemical reactions take place in aqueous medium. Consider a reaction
between ionic compounds taking place in an aqueous solution. When aqueous
solutions of CaCl2 and AgNO3 are mixed, a reaction takes place giving aqueous
Ca(NO3)2 and solid AgCl.

CaCl2(aq)+2AgNO3(aq)⟶Ca(NO3)2(aq)+2AgCl(s)

The given balanced equation is called a molecular equation because it doesn’t

express represent the ionic kind that are present in solution. Once ionic compounds
dissolve in water, they may separate into their constituent ions, which are later
dispersed homogenously throughout the resulting solution. Ionic compounds
dissolved in water are, hence, more realistically represented as separated ions, in
this case:
CaCl2(aq) Ca2+(aq)+2Cl−(aq)
2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag+(aq)+2NO3−(aq)
Ca(NO3)2(aq) Ca2+(aq)+2NO3−(aq)

Unlike these three ionic compounds, AgCl does not dissolve in water to a
significant extent, as signal by its physical state notation, s. Directly representing all
dissolved ions results in a complete ionic equation. In this particular case, the
formulas for the dissolved ionic compounds are replaced by formulas for their
separated ions:

Ca2+(aq)+2Cl−(aq)+2Ag+(aq)+2NO3−(aq)⟶Ca2+(aq)+2NO3−(aq)+2AgCl(s)

Examining this equation shows that two chemical kinds are present in identical
form on both sides of the arrow, Ca2+(aq) and NO3−(aq).NO3−(aq). These spectator
ions—ions whose presence is required to maintain charge neutrality—are neither
chemically nor physically changed by the process, and so they may be eliminated
from the equation to yield a more succinct representation called a net ionic equation:

Ca2+(aq)+2Cl−(aq)+2Ag+(aq)+2NO−3(aq)⟶Ca2+(aq)+2NO3−(aq)+2AgCl(s)
2Cl−(aq)+2Ag+(aq)⟶2AgCl(s)

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 Following the convention of using the smallest possible integers as
coefficients, this equation is then written:

Cl−(aq)+Ag+(aq)⟶AgCl(s)

This net ionic equation indicates that solid silver chloride may be produced
from dissolved chloride and silver (I) ions regardless of the source of these ions. These
molecular and complete ionic equations provide additional information, namely, the
ionic compounds used as sources of Cl − and Ag+.

Molecular and Ionic Equations

When carbon dioxide is dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide,

the mixture reacts to yield aqueous sodium carbonate and liquid water.

Solution:
Begin by identifying formulas for the reactants and products and arranging
them properly in chemical equation form:

CO2(aq)+NaOH(aq)⟶Na2CO3(aq)+H2O(l)(unbalanced)

Balance is achieved easily in this case by changing the coefficient for NaOH
to 2, resulting in the molecular equation for this reaction:

CO2(aq)+2NaOH(aq)⟶Na2CO3(aq)+H2O(l)

The two dissolved ionic compounds, NaOH and Na 2CO3, can be represented
as dissociated ions to yield the complete ionic equation:

CO2(aq)+2Na+(aq)+2OH−(aq)⟶2Na+(aq)+CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)

Finally, identify the spectator ion(s), in this case Na +(aq), and remove it from
each side of the equation to generate the net ionic equation:

CO2(aq)+2Na+(aq)+2OH−(aq)⟶2Na+(aq)+CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)
CO2(aq)+2OH−(aq)⟶CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)

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Activity 1.3
Diatomic chlorine and sodium hydroxide (lye) are commodity chemicals produced in
large quantities, along with diatomic hydrogen, via the electrolysis of brine, according
to the given unbalanced equation:
Balance the given equation and answer the following numbers. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

Electricity
NaCl(aq)+H2O(l) → NaOH(aq)+H2(g)+Cl2(g)

1.Balanced Molecular ______________________________________________

2.Complete Ionic ______________________________________________

3.Net Ionic Equation ______________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Write the correct word/s to complete the sentence/s. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. ________ is a chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element
in the reactant and product.
2. _________ is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
3. _________ number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical
equation to indicate their relative amount.
4. _________ is a chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and
products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for
their dissociated ions.
5. _________ is a chemical equation in which all reactants and products are
represented as neutral substances.
6. _________ is a chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants
and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented
(excludes spectator ions).
7. _________ formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side
of the arrow in a chemical equation.
8. _________ substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the
left side of the arrow in a chemical equation.
9. _________ does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction,
but its presence is required to maintain charge neutrality.

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 What I Can Do

As you reflect on the writing and balancing equation, you learned that there are some
strategies in balancing an equation.

Now, try to answer the given statement.

Fermentation is a biochemical process that enables yeast cells to live in the

absence of oxygen. Humans have utilized it for centuries to produce wine and beer
and make bread rise. In fermentation, sugars such as glucose are converted to
ethanol (C2H5OH) and carbon dioxide CO2. Write a balanced chemical reaction for
the fermentation of glucose (C6H12O6).

________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What are the missing coefficients for the skeleton equation below?
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + KOH(aq) ⟶ Al(OH)3(aq) + K2SO4(aq)
A. 1,3,2,3 C. 4,6,2,3
B. 2,12,4,6 D. 1,6,2,3

2. What are the missing coefficients for the skeleton equation below?
Cr(s) + Fe(NO3)2(aq) ⟶ Fe(s) + Cr(NO3)3(aq)
A. 4,6,6,2 C. 2,3,3,2
B. 2,3,2,3 D. 1,3,3,1

3. What are the missing coefficients for the skeleton equation below?
NH3 (g) + O2(g) ⟶ N2(g) + H2O(l)
A. 4,3,2,6 C. 1,3,1,3
B. 2,1,2,3 D. 2,3,2,3

4. If you rewrite the following word equation as a balanced chemical equation, what
will the coefficient and symbol for iodine be?
bromine + potassium iodide ⟶ potassium bromide + iodine
A. 3I C. 2I
B. I3 D. I2

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5. If you rewrite the following word equation as a balanced chemical equation, what
will the coefficient and symbol for fluorine be?
nitrogen trifluoride ⟶ nitrogen + fluorine
A. 3F C. F3
B. 6F2 D. 3F2

6. What are the missing coefficients for the skeleton equation below?
AlCl3 + NaOH ⟶ Al(OH)3 + NaCl
A. 1,3,1,3 C. 1,1,1,3
B. 3,1,3,1 D. 1,3,3,1

7. What are the missing coefficients for the skeleton equation below?
N2 + H2 ⟶ NH3
A. 1,1,2 C. 3,1,2
B. 1,3,3 D. 1,3,2

8. Aluminum chloride and bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced when metallic
aluminum is placed in hydrochloric acid. What is the balanced equation for this
reaction?
A. H + AlCl ⟶ Al + HCl C. Al + HCl3 ⟶ AlCl3 + H
B. Al + 2HCl ⟶ AlCl2 + H2 D. 2Al + 6HCl ⟶ 2AlCl3 + 3H2

9. What does the symbol Δ in a chemical equation mean?

A. yields C. a catalyst is needed
B. precipitate D. heat is supplied to the reaction

10. When the equation, Fe + Cl2 ⟶ FeCl3, is balanced, what is the coefficient for Cl2?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

Additional Activities

Complete the table by writing the correct balance equation. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

REACTION / EQUATION BALANCED EQUATION

C6H14(l) + O2(g)→ CO2(g) + H2O(g) 1.
N2 (g) + O2 (g) → NO2 (g) 2.
Hg(ℓ)+O2(g)→Hg2O (s) 3.
Mg(NO3)2(s)+ Li(s)→Mg(s)+ LiNO3(s) 4.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + FeCl3(aq) → Fe(NO3)3(aq) + PbCl2(s) 5.

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 Lesson 2 Interpret a Balanced Chemical Reaction

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you gained an idea on how to write and balance chemical
equations. In this lesson, you will learn to identify the quantities that are always
conserved in chemical reactions. Writing and balancing a chemical equation
represent both the identities and the relative quantities of substances undergoing a
chemical (or physical) change. Furthermore, you will learn to interpret balanced
chemical equations in terms of moles, representative particles, mass, and gas volume
(Liters) at STP.

The field of chemistry that is concerned with the relative quantities of reactants
and products in chemical reactions is called Stoichiometry. For a balanced chemical
reaction, whole numbers (the coefficients) are used to show the quantities of both
the reactants and products. Chemical equation is like a recipe for a reaction. It
includes the molecules, elements, or ions in the reactants and in the products as
well as their states and the proportion for how much of each particle is generate
relative to one another, through the stoichiometric coefficient. The following equation
shows the typical format of a chemical equation:

2Na(s)+2HCl(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+H2(g)
Based from the equation above, the elements present in the reaction are
represented by their chemical symbols. According to the Law of Conservation of
Mass, which states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction, in every chemical reaction has the same elements in its reactants and
products, though the elements they are paired up with frequently change in a
reaction.

In this reaction, sodium ( Na ), hydrogen ( H ), and chloride ( Cl ) are the

elements present in both reactants, so based on the law of conservation of mass,
they are also present on the product side of the equations. Showing each element is
important when using the chemical equation to convert between elements.

Molar Ratios

Molar ratios or conversion factors states the number of moles of each reactant
needed to produced a certain number of moles of each product. The molar ratios
reveals how many moles of product are formed from a certain amount of reactant,

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as well as the number of moles of a reactant needs to completely react with a certain
amount of another reactant. For example, study the equation below:

CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O

From this reaction equation, it is possible to deduce the following molar ratios:
• 1 mol CH4: 1 mol CO2
• 1 mol CH4: 2 mol H2O
• 1 mol CH4: 2 mol O2
• 2 mol O2: 1 mol CO2
• 2 mol O2: 2 mol H2O

In short, 1 mol of methane will produced 1 mole of carbon dioxide. These molar
ratios can also be expressed as fractions. For example, 1 mol CH 4: 1 mol CO2 can be
expressed as 1 mol CH41 mol CO21 mol CH41 mol CO2.

Activity 2.1
Try to determine the molar ratios of the following balanced equations. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

BALANCED EQUATION MOLE RATIOS

1. 2H2+O2→2H2O

2. 4Fe+3O2→2Fe2O3

What’s New

Ways to Interpret a Balanced Chemical Equation

To provide qualitative information about the identities and physical states of

the reactants and products, a balanced chemical equation provides quantitative
information. In addition to this, it gives the relative amounts of reactants and
products produced in a reaction. The number of molecules, atoms, or formula units
of a reactant or a product in a balanced chemical equation is the coefficient of that
species.

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Four (4) Ways to Interpret a Balanced Chemical Equation

1. In terms of Particles
• An Element is made up of atoms
• A Molecular compound (made of only nonmetals) is made up of molecules
• Ionic Compounds (made of a metal and nonmetal parts) are made of formula
units
• Example: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

– Two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen form two molecules of
water
• Another example: 2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2

– Two formula units Al2O3 form four atoms Al and three molecules of oxygen

2. In terms of Moles
• The coefficients tell us how many moles of each substance
2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
• Remember: A balanced equation is a Molar Ratio.

3. In terms of Mass
• The Law of Conservation of Mass applies to reactions.
• We can check mass by using moles
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2 moles H2 (2.02 g H2 / 1 mole H2) = 4.04 g H2
1 mole O2 (32.00 g O2 /1 mole O2) = 32.00 g O2

-Reactants total mass = 4.04 g + 32.00 g = 36.04 g so 36.04 g of water are

produced.
2 moles H2O (18.02 g H2O /1 mole H2O) = 36.04 g H2O

4. In terms of Volume
• At STP, 1 mol of any gas = 22.4 L
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O (2 x 22.4 L H2O ) + (1 x 22.4 L O2 ) → (2 x 22.4 L H2O)
67.2 Liters of reactant ≠ 44.8 Liters of product

NOTE: mass and atoms are ALWAYS conserved - however, molecules, formula units,
moles, and volumes will not necessarily be conserved!

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Activity 2.2
Balanced and interpret each equations in terms of particles, moles, and mass. Show
that the law of conservation of mass is observed.
EQUATION INTERPRETATION

1. H2CO3(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)

2. 4HCl(aq) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 2Cl2(g)

What Is It

There are three basic stoichiometric calculations: mole-to-mole conversions,

mole-to-mass conversions and mass-to-mass conversions. All stoichiometric
calculations begin with a balanced equation and mole ratios.

Mole to Mole conversions

Steps to Calculate Stoichiometric Problems

1. Correctly balance the equation.
2. Convert the given amount into moles.
3. Set up mole ratios.
4. Use mole ratios to calculate moles of desired chemical.
5. Convert moles back into final unit.

• How many moles of O2 are produced when 3.34 moles of Al 2O3 decompose?
2Al2O3 → Al + 3O2
3.34 mol Al2O3 (2 mol Al2O3 / 3 mol O2) = 5.01 mol O2

If you know the amount of ANY chemical in the reaction, you can find the
amount of all the other chemicals.

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Activity 2.3
From the given chemical equation, try to answer the following questions. Don’t
forget to balance the equation if not yet balance.
C2H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

1. If 3.84 moles of C2H2 are burned, how many moles of O2 are needed?

2. How many moles of C2H2 are needed to produce 8.95 mole of H2O?

3. If 2.47 moles of C2H2 are burned, how many moles of CO2 are formed?

Mass-Mass Conversions

Aluminum with the amount of 6.50 grams reacts with an excess of oxygen. How
many grams of aluminum oxide are formed?
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3

= 6.50 g Al (1 mol Al / 26.98 g Al ) (2 mol Al 2O3 /4 mol Al) (101.96 g / Al2O3 /1 mol
Al2O3) ?
(6.50 x 1 x 2 x 101.96) ÷ (26.98 x 4 x 1) = 12.3 g Al 2O3

Volume-Volume Conversions

• How many liters of CH4 at STP are required to completely react with 17.5 L of O 2 ?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
17.5 L O2 (1 mol O2 / 22.4 L O2) (1 mol CH4 / 2 mol O2) (1 mol CH4 / 22.4 L CH4)
= 8.75 L CH4

Another example:
• If 10.1 g of Fe are added to a solution of Copper (II) Sulfate, how many grams of
solid copper would form?
2Fe + 3CuSO4 → Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 3Cu
Answer = 17.2 g Cu

18 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Avogadro told us:
• Equal volumes of gas, at the same temperature and pressure contain the same
number of particles.
• Moles are numbers of particles
• You can treat reactions as if they happen liters at a time, as long as you keep
the temperature and pressure the same. 1 mole = 22.4 L at STP

Shortcut for Volume-Volume

• How many liters of CH4 at STP are required to completely react with 17.5 L of O 2?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

17.5 L O2 (1 L CH4 / 2 L O2) = 8.75 L CH4

Note: This only works for Volume-Volume problems.

What’s More

Activity 2.4
Using your knowledge about three basic stoichiometric calculations. Try to answer
the following questions. Don’t forget to balance the equation if not yet balance and
show your solution.

1.Given this reaction: Na2S2O3 + AgBr → NaBr + Na3[Ag(S2O3)2]

a. How many moles of Na2S2O3 are needed to react completely with 42.7 g of AgBr?

b. What is the mass of NaBr that will be produced from 42.7 g of AgBr?

2.From the reaction: B2H6 + O2 → HBO2 + H2O

a. What mass of O2 will be needed to burn 36.1 g of B 2H6?

b. How many moles of water are produced from 19.2 g of B2H6?

City of Good Character 19

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What I Have Learned

Write the correct word/s to complete the sentence/s.

1. ________ is the field of chemistry that is concerned with the relative quantities of
reactants and products in chemical reactions.
2. The number of molecules, atoms, or formula units of a reactant or a product in a
balanced chemical equation is the ________.
3. ________ or conversion factors, identify the number of moles of each reactant
needed to form a certain number of moles of each product.
4. 4 ways to interpret a balanced chemical equation
___________, ____________, _____________, and ____________.
5. Three basic stoichiometric calculations: ____________, ____________, and ________.

What I Can Do

As you reflect on how to interpret a balanced chemical reaction.

Ammonium nitrate is a common fertilizer, but under the wrong conditions it can be
hazardous. In 2002, Philippines has banned imports of ammonium nitrate that used
in bombs that killed 12 people in Mindanao area.
The explosion resulted from this reaction:

2NH4NO3(s)→2N2(g)+4H2O(g)+O2(g)

Construct a table showing how to interpret the information in the equation in terms
of:
1. individual molecules and ions.
2. moles of reactants and products.
3. grams of reactants and products given 2 mol of ammonium nitrate.
4. numbers of molecules or formula units of reactants and products given 2 mol
of ammonium nitrate.

20 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the SI unit for measurement of number of particles in a substance?

A. ampere C. kilogram
B. candela D. mole

2. How many moles of helium atoms are there in 2.4 x 10 24 helium atoms?
A. 10.0 mol C. 4.0 mol
B. 2.0 mol D. 2.4 x 1024 mol

3. How many atoms are there in 3.5 moles of arsenic atoms?

A. 2.1 x 1024 atoms C. 5.8 x 10-24 atoms
B. 2.6 x 102 atoms D. 7.5 x 101 atoms

4. How many bromide ions are there in 1.5 moles of MgBr 2?

A. 1.8 x 1024 ions C. 5.0 x 10-24 ions
B. 2.8 x 10 ions
2 D. 9.0 x 1023 ions

5. What is the mass, in grams, of 0.450 moles of Sb?

A. 0.450 g C. 2.71 x 1023 g
B. 2.02 x 101 g D. 5.48 x 101 g
6. What is the number of moles of beryllium atoms in 36 g of Be?
A. 4.0 mol C. 45.0 mol
B. 320 mol D. 2.2 x 1025 mol

7. How many moles of CaBr2 are there in 5.0 grams of CaBr2?

A. 1.0 x 103 mol C. 4.2 x 10-2 mol
B. 2.5 x 10-2 mol D. 4.0 x 101 mol

8. The chemical formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. What is the mass of 0.40 mol of aspirin?
A. 10.8 g C. 72.0 g
B. 45.0 g D. 160.0 g

9. What is the volume, in liters, of 0.50 mol of C3H8 gas at STP?

A. 0.35 L C. 11.2 L
B. 5.60 L D. 16.8 L

10. What is the volume, in liters, of 6.8 mol of Kr gas at STP?

A. 3.33 L C. 130 L
B. 25.0 L D. 152 L

City of Good Character 21

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Additional Activities
Complete the concept map below by filling out the boxes with the appropriate
concepts.
Mol Concept Map

Posttest
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. The gram molecular mass of oxygen gas is _____.

A. 16.0 g
B. 32.0 g
C. there is not enough information given
D. equal to the mass of one mole of oxygen atoms
2. Which of the following is NOT a representative particle?
A. anion C. electron
B. cation D. molecule
3. Avogadro's number is _____.
A. a mole C. a dozen of mole
B. 6.02 x 1023 D. the weight of a carbon atom
4. The gram atomic masses of any two elements contain the same number of _____.
A. anions C. grams
B. atoms D. ions
5. What is the gram formula mass of chromic sulfate, Cr 2(SO4)3?
A. 148.1 g C. 288.0 g
B. 200.0 g D. 392.2 g

22 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
6. The gram formula mass of C7H16 and the gram formula mass of CaCO3 contain
approximately the same number of _____.
A. anions C. cations
B. atoms D. grams

7. Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the gram atomic mass?
A. The gram atomic mass is 12 g for magnesium.
B. The gram atomic mass is the mass of one mole of atoms.
C. The gram atomic mass is found by checking the periodic table.
D. The gram atomic mass is the number of grams of an element that is
numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu.

8. How many bromide ions are there in 1.5 moles of MgBr 2?

A. 1.8 x 1024 ions C. 5.0 x 10-24 ions
B. 2.8 x 102 ions D. 9.0 x 1023 ions

9. Which of the following elements exists as a diatomic molecule?

A. aluminum C. nitrogen
B. lithium D. sulfur

10. All of the following are equal to Avogadro's number EXCEPT _____.
A. the number of atoms of gold in 1 mol Au
B. the number of atoms of bromine in 1 mol Br2
C. the number of molecules of nitrogen in 1 mol N 2
D. the number of molecules of carbon monoxide in 1 mol CO

11. How many atoms are there in 3.5 moles of arsenic atoms?
A. 2.1 x 1024 atoms C. 5.8 x 10-24 atoms
B. 2.6 x 102 atoms D. 7.5 x 101 atoms

12. What is the gram formula mass of AuCl 3?

A. 96 g C. 303.6 g
B. 130 g D. 626.5 g

13. How many hydrogen atoms are in 5 molecules of isopropyl alcohol, C 3H8O?
A. 5 C. 35 x (6.02 x 1023)
B. 5 x (6.02 x 1023) D. None of the above

14. Avogadro's number of representative particles is equal to one _____.

A. gram C. liter
B. kelvin D. mole

15. How many moles of SO3 are in 2.4 x 1024 molecules of SO3?
A. 0.25 C. 2.9 x 10-23
B. 4.0 D. 3.4 x 1022

City of Good Character 23

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 References

(1) "4.1: Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations." Chemistry LibreTexts.

Last modified May 25, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A
_General_Chemhttp://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%
20tutorials/Plink/Stoichiometry/stoichset.htm

(2) Goldberg, David E., 2007. Fundamentals of Chemistry (Fifth Edition), Mc

Graw Hill International Edition: 1-6.

(3) "Practice Problems: Stoichiometry." Department of Chemistry | Washington

University in St. Louis. Accessed August 13, 2020.
https://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/Pli
nk/Stoichiometry

(4) "Stoichiometry and Balancing Reactions." Chemistry LibreTexts. Last

modified July 14, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Module
s_and_Websites

(5) T. E. Brown, H.E LeMay, B. Bursten, C. Murphy, 2008. The Central Science.
Prentice Hall: 234-238

(6) Wilbraham, Staley, & Matta, Michael C., 1997. Chemistry (Fourth Edition),
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: 8-16.

24 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Russel S. Berador (SEHS)
Editors: Reynald Alfred A. Recede (MHS)
Emily G. Santos (PSDS)
Reviewer: Jessica S. Mateo (EPS – Science)
Illustrator and Layout Artist: Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

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City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE