A.

Percent composition in chemistry typically refers to the percent each element is of the
compound's total mass.
The basic equation = mass of element / mass of compound X 100%

B. In chemistry, the Empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest

positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound. Example of this concept is that the
empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical formula of
disulfur dioxide, S2O2. This means that sulfur monoxide and disulfur dioxide, both compounds
of sulfur and oxygen, will have the same empirical formula. However, their chemical formulas,
which expresses the number of atoms in each molecule of a chemical compound, will not be the
same.

C. The Molecular formula, on the other hand, shows the number of each type of atom in a molecule.
The structural formula shows the arrangement of the molecule. It is also possible for different
types of compounds to have equal empirical formulas.
D. Mole – Mole conversions can be facilitated by using conversion factors found in the balanced
equation for the reaction of interest.
E. Mass - Mass conversions cannot be done directly; instead, mole values must serve as
intermediaries in these conversions.
F. Mass – Mole conversions can be facilitated by employing the molar mass as a conversion ratio.

G. Mass - Volume – In this case, either the mass of a compound will be given and the volume of
another is asked, or the volume of a gas will be given and the mass of another compound will be
asked.
1st step: get the reaction equations correct and balanced.
2nd step: get the needed molecular weights
3rd step: if given reactant/product amounts are in mass or volume units, convert to moles
4th step: use the stoichiometric coefficients to calculate the number of moles of product or
reactant (some problems give product amount, and ask for amount of regents used)
5th step, if asked, convert calculated moles to mass or volume units.

H. Volume – Volume problem concerns only the gaseous compounds of a reaction.

I. The reagent that is completely used up or reacted is called the Limiting reagent, because its
quantity limit the amount of products formed.

J. In a chemical reaction, reactants that are not use up when the reaction is finished are
called Excess reagents.

K. The Percent yield of a reaction measures the reaction's efficiency. It is the ratio between the
actual yield and the theoretical yield.
percent yield= actual yield / theoretical yield × 100%

L. The Theoretical yield for a reaction is calculated based on the limiting reagent. This allows
researchers to determine how much product can actually be formed based on the reagents present
 at the beginning of the reaction. To get theoretical yield, you need to determine the moles of each
reactant, then, with the values from the balanced equation determine the limiting reagent (the one
that runs out first), this is the one you use to calculate moles of product that could theoretically be
made. This is the theoretical yield.

M. The Actual yield is the amount of product actually obtained in a chemical reaction. To get actual
yield, you need to run the experiement and determine the actual weight of isolated product; you
divide this by the theoretical weight that should have been produced (see above) and multiply by
100%.
A. Examples:

For instance, if you had a 80.0 g sample of a compound that was 20.0 g element X and
60.0 g element y then the percent composition of each element would be:

Element X = 20.0 g X / 80.0 g total x 100% = .250 or 25.0 %

Element Y = 60.0 g Y / 80.0 g total x 100 % = .750 or 75.0 %

B.

C. Examples:
Glucose (C6H12O6), ribose (C5H10O5), acetic acid (C2H4O2), and formaldehyde
(CH2O) all have different molecular formulas but the same empirical formula: CH2O.
This is the actual molecular formula for formaldehyde, but acetic acid has double the
number of atoms, ribose has five times the number of atoms, and glucose has six times
the number of atoms.

The chemical compound n-hexane has the structural formulaCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3,

which shows that it has 6 carbon atoms arranged in a chain, and 14 hydrogen atoms.
Hexane's molecular formula is C6H14, and its empirical formula is C3H7, showing a C:H
ratio of 3:7.

Calculation

Suppose you are given a compound such as methyl acetate, a solvent commonly used in
paints, inks, and adhesives. When methyl acetate was chemically analyzed, it was discovered to
have 48.64% carbon (C), 8.16% hydrogen (H), and 43.20% oxygen (O). For the purposes of
determining empirical formulas, we assume that we have 100 g of the compound. If this is the
case, the percentages will be equal to the mass of each element in grams.
 Step 1

Change each percentage to an expression of the mass of each element in grams. That is, 48.64%
C becomes 48.64 g C, 8.16% H becomes 8.16 g H, and 43.20% O becomes 43.20 g O.

Step 2
Convert the amount of each element in grams to its amount in moles.

Step 3
Divide each of the found values by the smallest of these values (2.7)

Step 4

If necessary, multiply these numbers by integers in order to get whole numbers; if an operation is
done to one of the numbers, it must be done to all of them.

Thus, the empirical formula of methyl acetate is C3H6O2. This formula also happens to be
methyl acetate's molecular formula.

G. Examples:

For example, to determine the number of moles of water produced from 2 mol O2, the balanced
chemical reaction should be written out:
2H2(g)+O2(g)→2H2O(g)
There is a clear relationship between O2 and H2O: for every one mole of O2, two moles of H2O are
produced. Therefore, the ratio is one mole of O2 to two moles of H2O, or Assume abundant
hydrogen and two moles of O2, then one can calculate:

Therefore, 4 moles of H2O were produced by reacting 2 moles of O2 in excess hydrogen.

Each stoichiometric conversion factor is reaction-specific and requires that the reaction be balanced.
Therefore, each reaction must be balanced before starting calculations.

If 4.44 mol of O2 react with excess hydrogen, how many moles of water are produced?

The chemical equation is O2 + 2H2→2H2O. Therefore, to calculate the number of moles of water
produced:

H. Examples:

N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3 What volume of hydrogen is necessary to react with five liters of
nitrogen to produce ammonia? (Assume constant temperature and pressure.)
C3H8 + 5O2 ---> 3CO2 + 4H2O If 20 liters of oxygen are consumed in the above
reaction, how many liters of carbon dioxide are produced? 20 x 3 / 5 = 1.2 L
2H20 ---> 2H2 + O2 If 30 mL of hydrogen are produced in the above reaction, how
many milliters of oxygen are produced? 30/2 = 15 mL
2CO + O2 ---> 2CO2 How many liters of carbon dioxide are produced if 75 liters of
carbon monoxide are burned in oxygen? How many liters of oxygen are necessary?
75 L
75/2 = 37.5 L