LESSON

OBJECTIVES

Describe the subatomic particles;

Identify the number of protons,
electrons, neutrons, mass number and
atomic number in a given isotope; and
Describe the early concepts of atom.
 ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
EMERGENCE OF
IDEAS …
ABOUT ATOMS
 ATOMIC
ATOMS THEORY
Basic unit of
matter. For over two
centuries,
ELEMENTS scientists have
created
different
A pure substance that is models of
made up of only one kind of atoms.
atom.
ELEMENTS
 Are the simplest kind of pure
substance.
A substance in which all the atoms
have the same number of protons.
 There are ~ 118 elements, each
made of a different type of atom
(periodic table).
 EACH ELEMENT HAS A NAME
AND SYMBOL.
 EACH ELEMENT HAS A NAME
AND SYMBOL.
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS Chemical
REPRESENT ELEMENTS Symbols are
either one or
two letters.
If one letter, it is
always
capitalized.
If two letters, the
first is
A chemical symbol capitalized, the
implies one atom of that second is lower
element. case.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS SHOW HOW
MANY ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT ARE IN ONE
MOLECULE OF AN ELEMENT OR COMPOUND:
Chemical # of # of atoms # of Carbon
Formula elements total atoms
O2 1 2 0
H2O 2 3 0
C3H8O 3 12 3
 How many atoms of each
element are present in one
molecule of:

(NH4)2SO3
N……………. 2
H…………… 8
S……………. 1
O…………… 3
 IDEAS OF ATOM

Great advances in ROBERT BOYLE

(1627 – 1691)
metallurgy in this time

Wrote the book “The

Sceptical Chymist”
 IDEAS OF ATOM
Discovered oxygen gas and JOSEPH PRIESTLY
combustion. (1733 – 1804)

Also discovered that CO2 in

fermenting beer is the same as
in the gaseous products of
combustion.
 IDEAS OF ATOM
combustion is the reaction of a
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
carbon-containing substance with (1743 – 1794)
oxygen to form carbon dioxide and
water and that life depends on a Father of Modern
similar reaction, which today we Chemistry
call respiration.
Law of conservation of mass
 IDEAS OF ATOM

JOSEPH PROUST

A given chemical compound always

Law of Definite
contains its components in fixed Proportions
ratio by mass.
 IDEAS OF ATOM
JOHN DALTON
Different compounds may (1766 – 1844)
contain the same element but
still differ in terms of the Atomic Theory of
number of atoms in its matter
composition. Law of Multiple
Proportions
1. All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles
called atoms.
IDEAS OF ATOM
2. All atoms of an element are identical in mass and JOHN DALTON
chemical properties, whereas atoms of different elements (1766 – 1844)
differ in mass and fundamental chemical properties.
3. A chemical compound is a substance that always Atomic Theory of
contains the same atoms in the same ratio. matter
4. In chemical reactions, atoms from one or more Law of Multiple
compounds or elements redistribute or rearrange in Proportions
relation to other atoms to form one or more new
compounds. Atoms themselves do not undergo a change of
identity in chemical reactions.
 IDEAS OF ATOM
1 Matter is composed of small indivisible
particles called atoms. JOHN DALTON
2. Atoms of the same element are identical. (1766 – 1844)
3. Compounds contain atoms of more than one
element. Atomic Theory of
matter
4. In a compound, atoms of different elements
Law of Multiple
always combine in the same proportion by
Proportions
mass.
 FYI……….ISOTOPES
Dalton was wrong about all elements of
the same type being identical
Atoms of the same element can have
different numbers of neutrons.
Thus, different mass numbers.
These are called isotopes.
 ISOTOPES
Isotopes are atoms of the same element
that differ in the number of neutrons in their
atomic nuclei.
Same Atomic Number
(no. of protons & electrons)
Different Mass Number
(no. of neutrons + protons)
 ISOTOPES
Isotope notation
 ISOTOPES
Example 1: What is the isotopic notation for the
isotope carbon-14?

From the periodic table, we see that the atomic

number (number of protons) for the element
carbon is 6. The name carbon-14 tells us that this
isotope's mass number is 14. The chemical
symbol for carbon is C.
 ISOTOPES
Example: What is the isotopic notation for the isotope
carbon-14?

Write the isotopic notation for carbon-14.

We can determine the number of neutrons as

14 − 6 = 8 neutrons.
Democritus & Joseph Priestly
Leucippus
Robert Boyle
Oxygen,
Atomic theory Elements Combustion

Joseph Proust Antoine Lavoisier

Law of Definite Combustion & Law of
Proportions Conservation of Mass

John Dalton
Atomic theory of matter,
Law of Multiple
Proportions
 ATOMIC
THEORY
 ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE

DALTON THOMPSON RUTHERFORD BOHR CHADWICK MODERN

 THOMPSON: “PLUM PUDDING” OR
“CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIE” MODEL
 using available data on the atom, J.J. Thompson came up with
the idea of having charges embedded with Dalton’s Billiard
Balls
 Also used cathode ray experiment to discover the existence of
the electron

negative
positive “chocolate”
(evenly distributed)
“dough”
part

note: this model kept Dalton’s key ideas intact

DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray
tube to deduce the presence of a negatively
charged particle: the electron
DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray
tube to deduce the presence of a negatively
charged particle: the electron
 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE STUDY
OF THE ELECTRON:
A. Cathode rays have identical properties
regardless of the element used to produce them.
All elements must contain identically charged
electrons.
B. Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive
particles in the atom to balance the negative
charge of the electrons
C. Electrons have so little mass that atoms must
contain other particles that account for most of
MASS OF THE ELECTRON

Robert Millikan
Mass of the
electron is
9.11 x 10-28 g

The oil drop apparatus

1916 – Robert Millikan determines the mass of the

electron: 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom;
has one unit of negative charge
 NUCLEAR MODEL

Ernest Rutherford discovered a

huge flaw in the previous concept
of the atom during his now famous
gold foil experiment.
RUTHERFORD
 Discovered the Nucleus and the
Positive Protons
 Surmised atoms are made of
mostly empty space
 Didn’t know about the
Neutrons
 Famous Gold Foil Experiment
 GOLD FOIL
EXPERIMENT

• Particles shot through thin sheet of gold

• Most shots went straight through
• A small amount were deflected
• Hence… The atoms must be made of mostly empty
space with a small dense nucleus
 FURTHER EXPLANATION OF
NUCLEAR MODEL
 If previous models were correct alpha
particles would have passed straight
through the gold foil.
RUTHERFORD’S PROBLEM:
In the following pictures, there is a target hidden by a
cloud. To figure out the shape of the target, we shot
some beams into the cloud and recorded where the
beams came out. Can you figure out the shape of the
target?

Target Target
#1 #2
THE ANSWERS:

Target #1 Target #2
 NUCLEAR MODEL
 Rutherford found that most (99%) of the alpha particles that he shot at
the gold went straight through
 From these experiments Rutherford concluded that the atom had a
dense positive core, with the rest composed of mostly empty space
with the occasional negatively charged electron

-
-
-
+

- -
note: this model completely changed the definition of atom
 RUTHERFORD’S FINDINGS
* Most of the particles passed right through
* A few particles were deflected
* VERY FEW were greatly deflected

“Like howitzer shells bouncing

off of tissue paper!”
Conclusions:
#1 The nucleus is small
#2 The nucleus is dense
#3 The nucleus is positively
charged
 NIELS BOHR
 Discovered that electrons exist in
several distinct layers or levels
 “Jimmy Neutron Model”
 Travel around nucleus like
planets travel around sun
 Electrons Orbit
 Electrons can jump between
levels with energy being
added/released
 Niels Bohr proposed that electrons
revolve around the central positive
nucleus (like planets in the solar system)

negative electrons

3 positive protons
 Bohr also suggested that the electrons can only
revolve in certain orbits, or at certain energy
levels (ie, the energy levels are quantized)

no energy level in between steps

 HEISENBERG AND SCHRODINGER

 Found that Electrons live in

fuzzy regions or “clouds” not
distinct orbits
 Improved on Bohr’s findings
 Electron location can not be
predicted
 Quantum Mechanical Model
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
the current understanding of the atom is
based on Quantum Mechanics
this model sees the electrons not as
individual particles, but as behaving like a
cloud - the electron can be “anywhere” in a
certain energy level
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

electrons can be found

anywhere in these “shells”

note: the electrons

are still quantized
no electrons can
be found here
 JAMES CHADWICK
 Chadwick revised Rutherford’s theory,
and proposed that the nucleus contains
positively charged protons and neutral
particles called neutrons.
 Chadwick's discovery forced a revision of
the cloud model, and scientists sometimes
refer to the revised version as the James
Chadwick atomic model.
 QUICK REVIEW:

1. Who was the first person to propose

theories about atom?
2. What was the three conclusions of
Rutherford in his experiment?