Unit 1 Chemistry

1.1 Atomic Theory and Structure

Agenda

1. Attendance
2. Starter : A Brief History of Atom
3. Lesson :Atomic Theory and Structure
4. Class practice
5. Homework
Topic: Atomic Theory and Structure
Learning Objective
• Distinguish between atoms, elements and compounds
• Identify protons, neutrons and electrons
A Brief History of the Atom
Ancient Greek-Democritus (460-370BC)
• Democritus believed that all matter was made up of small particles that could
not be broken down. He named these smallest particles “atomos”.

• He experimented with sea shells and tried breaking the shells into small
pieces.
Ancient Greek- Aristotle (384-322BC)
Aristotle didn’t believe Democritus’ theory. He thought that matter was made
up of 4 elements (air, fire, earth, and water) and the pieces could be broken
into smaller pieces infinently.
John Dalton- Atomic Theory (1803)
John Dalton proposed the atomic theory.
1. All elements are made up of atoms (spherical
particles) that cannot be divided.
2. All atoms can be identified by mass and
properties. (Atoms of the same element are the same,
and different elements are different).
3. An atom of 1 element cannot be changed into a
different element by chemical reactions (Atoms only
rearrange).
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than 1
element combine in specific ratios.
JJ Thomson- Plum Pudding Model (1897)
Niels Bohr – Planetary model (1913)
Bohr’ model: electrons move only in specific
orbits around an atom’s nucleus.
James Chadwick- Modern Day Model (1935-)
An element is a pure substance that cannot be
chemically broken down into simpler
substances.
Periodic Table of the Elements.
Oxygen (O) is an element.
An atom is the smallest
particle of an element
that has the properties of
that element.

An element is made of 1
type of atom.
Molecule
A compound is a pure substance that is
made up of 2 or more different elements.

H2O is a compound made of the elements hydrogen and

oxygen.
Differences Between Compounds, Molecules & Mixtures #3 - from YouTube
Subatomic Particle: Any particle in an
atom that is smaller than the atom.
The Atom

• The atom is the smallest unit of

matter.
• It consists of a dense positively
charged center termed as
“nucleus”.
• Also, free moving negatively
charged electrons surround the
central nucleus.
 Atoms are made of 3 subatomic particles:

Protons: 1+ (positive) charge.

-In the nucleus
Neutrons: No charge.
-In the nucleus
Electrons: 1− (negative) charge.
-Surrounding the nucleus
The Nucleus:

-atthe centre of an
atom.

-composed of protons &

neutrons.

Electrons surround the

nucleus.

In an atom :
# of protons = # of electrons
An atom is neutral/no charge!!

Atomic number = # of protons

so……..
 An atom is neutral/no charge!!

Atomic number = # of protons

so……..
Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons
Practice on your Periodic Table
How do we find out how many neutrons are in the
atom?

Mass Number = # of protons + # of neutrons

Mass Number: the total number of

protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom.
 Mass Number = # of protons + # of neutrons

To find the mass number:

round the atomic mass to the nearest

whole number.
Ex: krypton's atomic mass = 83.8 ➔
Kr mass number = 84
 Ex: krypton's atomic mass = 83.8 ➔
Kr mass number = 84
Mass Number = p + n

For krypton: 84 = p + n
84 = 36 + n

The number of neutrons in an atom of

krypton = 48
Class Practice:
Homework:
• The atom and the subatomic particles
• Due date: 9.12