2018A2PS0141P-Kshitiz Kashyap

2018A2PS0121P- Sushant Kumar Roy

2019A2PS1015P- Ujjwal Gupta

Orifice under varying head

Experiment no.: 5

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice under varying heads.

Apparatus:

water supply means, flow rate measuring tank, fluid container fitted with an orifice at the bottom

Theory:

An orifice is an opening made inside or bottom of a fluid container and having the closed perimeter.
Through the orifice, the fluid may be discharged, and it is used to measure the flow rate of the fluid.
If the head over the orifice is not constant, then flow becomes unsteady.

Procedure:
1. Fill the water in the tank up to height H1.
2. Release the valve of the orifice and let the water discharge out of the tank.
3. Collect the discharge water in the measuring tank.
4. Let the orifice tank be empty and note down the total emptying time (from height H1).
5. Observe the emptying time of the portion of the tank for a fixed cross-sectional area and also
of variable cross-sectional area.

Observations:
Width of the tank, B1 = 25cm
Area of tank, A = B12 = 25*25sqcm = 625cm2
Dimensions of tank at orifice, B2 = 1cm (orifice diameter) g = 980 cm/s2
Initial head, H1 -
● Trial 1

H1: 50 cm t1: 100 sec t2: 78 sec

● Trial 2

H1: 55 cm t1: 110 sec t2: 82 sec

● Trial 3

H1: 60 cm t1: 120 sec t2: 86 sec

Final head, H2 = 27.5 cm

Area of orifice, a = (π/4)B22 = 0.785 cm2
(a) Emptying time of fixed cross-sectional area
(b) Emptying time of variable cross-sectional area
Total emptying time = (a) + (b)
 2018A2PS0141P-Kshitiz Kashyap
2018A2PS0121P- Sushant Kumar Roy
2019A2PS1015P- Ujjwal Gupta

Calculations:

For fixed cross-sectional area only

2𝐴
t1 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 )
𝐶𝑑1 𝑎 √2𝑔
2𝐴
Cd1 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 )
𝑡1 𝑎 √2𝑔

For varying cross-sectional area only

5 3
1 2 4
t2 = (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 𝑘22 𝐻22 + 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻22 )
𝑐𝑑2 √2𝑔𝑎 5 3

5 3
1 2 4
Cd2 = (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 5
𝑘22 𝐻22 + 3
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻2 ) 2
𝑡2 √2𝑔𝑎

(𝐵1− 𝐵2)
Where k1 = B2; k2 = = (25-1)/27.5 = 0.87
𝐻2

For the whole tank, take t = t1+t2 and cd3 for cd1 as well as cd2 and solve to get cd3.

Trial 1
2𝐴
𝑪𝒅𝟏 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 )
𝑡1 𝑎 √2𝑔

= 2*625*(500.5-27.50.5)/(100*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.657
5 3
1 2 4
Cd2 = (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 𝑘22 𝐻22 + 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻22 )
𝑡2 √2𝑔𝑎 5 3

= (2*12*(27.5)0.5 + 2/5*(0.87)0.5*(27.5)2.5 + 4/3*1*0.87*(27.5)1.5)/(78*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.611

t = t1 + t2 = 178 s
5 3
2𝐴 1 2 4
Cd3 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 ) + (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 5
𝑘22 𝐻22 + 3 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻22 )
𝑡 𝑎 √2𝑔 𝑡 √2𝑔𝑎

= 2*625*(500.5-27.50.5)/(178*0.785*(2*980)0.5) + (2*12*27.50.5 + 2/5*0.872*27.52.5 +

4/3*1*0.87*27.51.5)/(178*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.592

Trial 2:
2𝐴
𝑪𝒅𝟏 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 )
𝑡1 𝑎 √2𝑔

= 2*625*(550.5-27.50.5)/(110*0.785*(2*980)0.5)
 2018A2PS0141P-Kshitiz Kashyap
2018A2PS0121P- Sushant Kumar Roy
2019A2PS1015P- Ujjwal Gupta

= 0.71
5 3
1 2 4
Cd2 = (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 𝑘22 𝐻22 + 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻22 )
𝑡2 √2𝑔𝑎 5 3

= (2*12*(27.5)0.5 + 2/5*(0.87)0.5*(27.5)2.5 + 4/3*1*0.87*(27.5)1.5)/(82*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.581

t = t1 + t2 = 192 s
5 3
2𝐴 1 2 4
Cd3 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 ) + (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 𝑘22 𝐻22 + 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻22 )
𝑡 𝑎 √2𝑔 𝑡 √2𝑔𝑎 5 3

= 2*625*(550.5-27.50.5)/(192*0.785*(2*980)0.5) + (2*12*27.50.5 + 2/5*0.872*27.52.5 +

4/3*1*0.87*27.51.5)/(192*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.407

Trial 3:
2𝐴
𝑪𝒅𝟏 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 )
𝑡1 𝑎 √2𝑔

= 2*625*(600.5-27.50.5)/(120*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.75
5 3
1 2 4
Cd2 = (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 𝑘22 𝐻22 + 2
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻2 )
𝑡2 √2𝑔𝑎 5 3

= (2*12*(27.5)0.5 + 2/5*(0.87)0.5*(27.5)2.5 + 4/3*1*0.87*(27.5)1.5)/(86*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.555

t = t1 + t2 = 206 s
5 3
2𝐴 1 2 4
Cd3 = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 ) + (2𝑘12 √𝐻2 + 5
𝑘22 𝐻22 + 3 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝐻22 )
𝑡 𝑎 √2𝑔 𝑡 √2𝑔𝑎

= 2*625*(600.5-27.50.5)/(206*0.785*(2*980)0.5) + (2*12*27.50.5 + 2/5*0.872*27.52.5 +

4/3*1*0.87*27.51.5)/(206*0.785*(2*980)0.5)

= 0.629

Results:

For Trial 1 -

1. Cd1 = 0.657
2. Cd2 = 0.611
3. Cd3 = 0.592
 2018A2PS0141P-Kshitiz Kashyap
2018A2PS0121P- Sushant Kumar Roy
2019A2PS1015P- Ujjwal Gupta

For Trial 2 -

1. Cd1 = 0.710
2. Cd2 = 0.581
3. Cd3 = 0.407

For Trial 3 -

1. Cd1 = 0.750
2. Cd2 = 0.555
3. Cd3 = 0.629

Precautions:

1. Maintain a constant discharge before taking any reading.

2. Drive out all entrapped air from differential mercury manometer.
3. Take several readings at lower value of Reynolds number i.e. at lower discharges.

Conclusion:

The values of Cd1, Cd2, Cd3 were found to be less than 1, indicating that there are frictional
energy losses (head losses) in the flow.