TurbomachineryII -January 2022/Mechanical Power

Zagazig University
4 th Mechanical Power Dept. Faculty of Engineering Final Term Exam, Feb. /2/2022
Turbomachinery II Time:3 Hours
Examiners: No. of pages:3
Prof. M.H. Gobran No. of Questions:4
Dr. M.S. Emera
. .
Question 1 [Centrifugal Compressor]
A centrifugal compressor has an impeller with 21 vanes, which are radial at exit, a vaned diffuser and
no inlet guide vanes. The compressor has the following data:
Inlet stagnation temperature = 300 K inlet stagnation pressure = 100 kPa
Air mass flow rate, = 2.3 kg/s the impeller tip speed = 500 m/s
the mechanical efficiency = 96% diffuser exit velocity = 100 m/s
Total to total efficiency . = 82 % The diffuser efficiency = 84%
Degree of reaction = 50 % The air inlet velocity= = 150 m/s
The blade exit width = 6mm

(i) Determine the driving power on the shaft.

(ii) Determine the total and static pressures at diffuser exit
(iii) Determine the rotor exit total and static pressures,
absolute Mach number and radial velocity.
(iv) Determine the total-to-total efficiency for the impeller.
(v) Find a suitable rotational speed for the impeller
Solution
2 2
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 1 − =1− = 0.9
𝑍 21
0.9 ∗ 5002
𝑊𝑐 = =𝜎𝑈22 = 225 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔
1000
𝑚∙ 𝑊𝑐 2.3 ∗ 225
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 539 𝐾𝑊
𝜂𝑚 0.96
𝛾
𝑊𝑐 𝜂𝑐 𝛾−1 225 ∗ 0.82 3.5
𝜋𝑐 = [1 + ] = [1 + ] = 5.317
𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 1 ∗ 300

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𝑃𝑜3 = 𝜋𝑐 ∗ 𝑃01 = 5.317 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑊𝑐 225
𝑇𝑜3 = 𝑇𝑜1 + = 300 + = 525 𝐾
𝐶𝑝 1
𝐶32 1002
𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑜3 − = 525 − = 520𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1005

𝛾
𝑇3 𝛾−1 520 3.5
𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑜3 ∗ ( ) = 5.317 ∗ ( ) = 5.14
𝑇𝑜3 525

𝐶12 1502
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑜1 − = 300 − = 288.8𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1005

ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑅 = =
ℎ3 − ℎ1 𝑇3 − 𝑇1

𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑅 ∗ (𝑇3 − 𝑇1 ) = 288.8 + 0.5(520 − 288.8) = 404.4 𝐾

Po2 Po3
h
o2 o3
ho3=ho2
P3
C32/2
C3s2/2
3
3s C22/2

P2

s
2
𝐶22 𝐶3𝑠
𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 Δ𝐾𝐸 −
𝜂𝐷 = 0.84 = = 22 2 = 𝑇3𝑠 − 𝑇2
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Δ𝐾𝐸 𝐶3 𝐶22 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
−
2 2

𝑇3𝑠 = 𝑇2 + 𝜂𝐷 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) = 404.4 + 0.84(520 − 404.4) = 501.5𝐾

𝛾
𝑇2 𝛾−1 404.4 3.5
𝑃2 = 𝑃3 ( ) = 5.14 ( ) = 2.42 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇3𝑠 501.5
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𝛾
𝑇𝑜3 𝛾−1 525 3.5
𝑃𝑜2 = 𝑃2 ∗ ( ) = 2.42 ( ) = 6 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇2 404.4

𝐶2 = √2𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜2 − 𝑇2 ) = 482 𝑚/𝑠

𝐶𝑟2 = √𝐶22 − (𝜎𝑈2 )2 = 172.6𝑚/𝑠

𝐶2
𝑀2 = = 1.2
√𝛾𝑅𝑇2

𝑃2 2.42
𝜌2 = = ∗ 105 = 2.085 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑇2 287 ∗ 404.4 C2 W2
𝑚 = 𝜌2 𝐶𝑟2 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2
Cr2

𝑚 = 𝜌2 𝐶𝑟2 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2
σU2

𝑚
𝐷2 = = 0.35𝑚
𝜌2 𝐶𝑟2 𝜋𝑏2
𝛾−1
𝑃 𝛾
(𝑃𝑜2 ) − 1 (6)0.2857 − 1
𝑜1
𝜂𝑖𝑚𝑝 = = = 0.89
𝑇𝑜2 525
−1 −1
𝑇𝑜1 300
60𝑈2 60 ∗ 500
𝑁= = = 27283 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋(0.35)

Question2 [Axial Turbine]

A single stage axial flow gas turbine operates with an inlet temperature of 1100 K and total pressure of
3.4 bar. The total temperature drop across the stage is ΔTos= 145.4 K and the isentropic efficiency
of the turbine is ηis= 0.9. The mean blade speed is U=298 m/s. The gasses leaves the stator with
angle of 2=70o and The turbine operates with a rotational speed of 12000 rpm. If the convergent
nozzle is operating under choked condition, determine:
(a) blade-loading coefficient
(b) The blade flow coefficient
(c) The angles β2, β3, and 3
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(d) The degree of reaction

(e) pressure ratio of the stage
(f) The stage mean radius
(g) The total and static pressure at the turbine stage exit
(h)The total-to-static efficiency of the turbine stage.
Solution
2 2
𝑀2 = 1, 𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑜2 ( ) = 1100 ( ) = 943 𝐾,
𝛾+1 2.333
𝐶2 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇2 = √1.4 ∗ 287 ∗ 943 = 600.6 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶𝑎 = 𝐶2 cos 70 = 205.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘, 𝑊𝑡 = 𝐶𝑝 ∗ ∆𝑇𝑜𝑠 = 1156 ∗ 145.4 = 168082 𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, Ψ = 2 = 3.785
𝑈
2
𝐶𝑎 205.4
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝜙 = = = 0.69
𝑈 298
𝐶𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 − 𝑈 1
𝛽2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 − )
𝐶𝑎 𝜙
1
𝛽2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛70 − ) = 52.4𝑚/𝑠
0.69
𝑊
Δ𝐶𝑢 = 𝐶𝑢2 + 𝐶𝑢3 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 + 𝐶𝑢3 = = 564𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐶𝑢3 = Δ𝐶𝑢 − 𝐶𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2
𝐶𝑢3 = 564 − 205.4 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛70 = 0
𝐶𝑢3
𝛼3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0 = 0𝑜
𝑈
𝑈 298
𝛽3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 55.4𝑜
𝐶𝑎 205.4

𝑊𝑢3 = 𝑈 = 298𝑚/𝑠

𝑊𝑢2 = 𝐶𝑎 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 − 𝑈 = 266.33 𝑚/𝑠

𝑊𝑢2 − 𝑊𝑢3 298 − 266.33
𝑅= = = 0.053 ≈ 0
2𝑈 2 ∗ 298
−𝛾
−4
𝐶𝑝∆𝑇𝑜𝑠 𝛾−1 145.4
𝜋𝑡 = (1 − ) = (1 − ) = 1.887
𝜂𝑖𝑠 𝑇𝑜1 0.9 ∗ 1100
𝑃𝑜1 3.4
𝑃𝑜3 = = = 1.8 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝜋𝑡 1.887
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𝑇𝑜3 = 𝑇01 − ∆𝑇𝑜𝑠 = 1100 − 145.4 = 954.6𝐾

𝐶32 205.42
𝑇3 = 𝑇03 − = 954.6 − = 936.3𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1156
𝛾
𝑇3 𝛾−1 936.3 4
𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑜3 ∗ ( ) = 1.8 ( ) = 1.665𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇03 954.6
𝑇 954.6
1 − 𝑜3 1−
𝑇𝑜1 1100
𝜂𝑡𝑠 = 𝛾−1 = 0.25 = 0.808
𝑃 𝛾 1.665
1−(
1−( 3)
𝑃𝑜1 3.4 )
1 1 𝐶32 1 205.42
= + = + = 1.236
𝜂𝑡𝑠 𝜂𝑡𝑡 2𝑊𝑡 0.9 2 ∗ 168082
𝜂𝑡𝑠 = 0.808

Question 3 [Axial Compressor]

Air enters a multi-stages axial-flow compressor that has the following data:

Inlet stagnation temperature, To1 300 K Inlet stagnation pressure, Po1 100 KPa
leaving at a stagnation pressure of 600 kPa Constant mean radius,rm 0.4 m
Hub-to tip ratio at first stage inlet,ζ1 0.6 Mean flow coefficient, m 0.6
Rotor inlet absolute flow angle, 1 30o Polytropic efficiency of 0.88
rotor inlet absolute Mach number, M1 0.7 Degree of reaction at mean radius 50%
Assuming:
• Constant axial flow compressor throughout
• Free vortex design

Determine
i. The air velocity at exit from the inlet guide vanes at the mean radius
ii. The compressor rotational speed
iii. The air mass flow rate
iv. The compressor overall efficiency
v. The number of compressor stages required
vi. The pressure ratio of each stage
vii. The power needed to drive the compressor
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viii. The degree of reaction at hub and tip of the first stag
ix. The hub-to-tip ratio at the compressor exit
Solution
𝑎𝑜1 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇𝑜1 = √1.4 ∗ 287 ∗ 300 = 347𝑚/𝑠
𝐶1 𝐶1 𝐶1
𝑀1 = = =
√𝛾𝑅𝑇1 𝛾 − 1` 2
𝐶12 2
√𝑎𝑜1 − 𝐶1 )
√𝛾𝑅(𝑇𝑜1 − ) 2
2𝐶𝑝

𝑀1𝑎 𝑎𝑜1 0.7 ∗ 347

𝐶1 = = = 231.8 𝑚/𝑠
√1 + 0.2 ∗ 0.72
√1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀1𝑎
2
2
=2(0.5U- C1 sin30)=103.5 m/s

ΔCu

C1
Ca=C1 cos30 30o
W2
=200.7 m/s W1
C2

Wum=0.5 U
U= Ca/m=334.5 m/s

60𝑈 60 ∗ 334.5
𝑁= = = 7985.6 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 ∗ 0.8
60𝑈 60 ∗ 334.5
𝑁= = = 7985.6 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 ∗ 0.8
𝑇𝑜1 300
𝑇1 = = = 273.23 𝐾
𝛾 − 1 2 1 + 0.2 ∗ 0.72
1+ 𝑀1
2
𝑃𝑜1 100
𝑃1 = 𝛾 = 2 )3.5
= 72.1 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝛾−1 2 𝛾−1
( 1 + 0.2 ∗ 0.7
(1 + 𝑀1 )
2
𝑃1 72.1
𝜌1 = = = 0.919 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑇1 0.287 ∗ 273.23
𝐷𝑡 + 𝐷ℎ = 2𝐷𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑡 ∗ (1 + 𝜁 ) = 2𝐷𝑚 .

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2𝐷𝑚 1.6
𝐷𝑡 = = =1𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑑 𝐷ℎ = 𝜁 ∗ 𝐷𝑡 = 0.6 𝑚.
(1 + 𝜁 ) 1 + 0.6
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑚 = 𝜌1 ∗ (𝐷𝑡 − 𝐷ℎ2 ) ∗ 𝐶𝑎 = 0.919 ∗ ∗ (12 − 0.62 ) ∗ 200.7 = 92.7 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
4 4
𝛾−1
𝛾
𝜋𝑐 −1 60.2857 − 1
𝜂𝑐 = 𝛾−1 = = 0.85
𝛾𝑒
60.324 − 1
𝜋𝑐 𝑐 −1
𝛾−1
𝛾𝑒
𝑊𝑐 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑜1 (𝜋𝑐 𝑐 − 1) = 1.005 ∗ 300 ∗ (60.324 − 1) = 238 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔

𝑈Δ𝐶𝑢 334.5 ∗ 103.5

𝑊𝑠 = = = 34.6 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔
1000 1000
𝑊𝑐
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = = 6.8 = 7 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑊𝑠
𝑊𝑐
Δ𝑇𝑜𝑠 = = 34𝐾
𝐶𝑝 𝑛
𝛾
𝑒 3.08
Δ𝑇𝑜𝑠 𝛾−1 𝑐 34
𝜋𝑠𝑖 = (1 + ) = (1 + )
𝑇𝑜1 + (𝑖 − 1) ∗ Δ𝑇𝑜𝑠 300 + (𝑖 − 1) ∗ 34
i 𝜋𝑠𝑖 i 𝜋𝑠𝑖
1 1.392 5 1.26
2 1.347 6 1.24
3 1.313 7 1.222
4 1.284

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑊𝑐 = 92.7 ∗ 238 = 22𝑀𝑤

For first stage
1 − Λm
Λ=1−
𝑟 2
( )
𝑟𝑚
Λm = 0.5
𝑟ℎ 𝟐𝜻 𝑟𝑡 𝟐
( )= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 , ( ) = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝑟𝑚 𝟏+𝜻 𝑟𝑚 𝟏+𝜻

1 − 0.5
Λh = 1 − = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏
(0.75)2
1 − 0.5
Λt = 1 − = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
(1.25)2
At compressor exit:

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𝑊𝑐
𝑇𝑜𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜1 + = 538 𝐾, 𝑃𝑜𝑒 = 𝑃𝑜1 ∗ 𝜋𝑐 = 600𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝐶𝑝
𝐶12 231.82 𝑇𝑒 3.5
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑒 − = 538 − = 511𝐾, 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑜𝑒 ∗ ( ) = 464.3 𝐾𝑝𝑎
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1005 𝑇𝑜𝑒
𝑃𝑒 464.3
𝜌𝑒 = = = 3.166𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑇𝑒 0.287 ∗ 511
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑒 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝐷𝑚 ∗ ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑎
𝑚 92.7
ℎ𝑒 = = = 0.058 𝑚
𝜌𝑒 𝜋 ∗ 𝐷𝑚 𝐶𝑎 3.166 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 200.7
𝐷𝑡𝑒 = 0.8 + 0.058 = 0.858𝑚
𝐷ℎ𝑒 = 0.8 − 0.058 = 0.742𝑚

0.742
𝜁𝑒 = = 0.864
0.858

Question 4 [Radial Inflow Turbine]

A radial inward-flow turbine with an outer

nozzle ring operates with following
parameters : Mass flow=2 kg/s, PO1= 400
kPa, TO1= 1100 K, PO2=0.99 PO1; Nozzle
exit angle, α2= 700, ηp= 0.85, Rotor
maximum diameter = 0.4 m , C2r= Ca3,
hub/tip radius ratio at rotor exit = 0.4,
TO3= 935 K; [use γ=1.33; R =287 kJ/kg.K;
Cp=1.158 kJ/kg-K.]. Compute the
following:
i) Rotor tip speed, rotational speed and rpm of the rotor
ii) Mach number, velocities, rotor width at tip, and T02r
iii) Stagnation pressure, Mach number and hub and tip radii at rotor exit
iv) At the rotor exit plane W3, T03r, β3, M3r at mean radius
v) Values of β3, M3r at different radii at rotor exit

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Solution

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑈2 𝐶𝑢2 − 𝑈3 𝐶𝑢3 𝐶𝑢3 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢2 = 𝑈2

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐶𝑝 ∗ (𝑇𝑜1 − 𝑇𝑜3 ) = 𝑈22

𝑈2 = √𝐶𝑝 ∗ (𝑇𝑜1 − 𝑇𝑜3 ) = √1158 ∗ (1100 − 935) = 437 𝑚/𝑠

𝑈2 437
𝜔= = = 2185 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝐷2 0.2
2
60 ∗ 𝜔
𝑁= = 20865 𝑟𝑝𝑚
2𝜋
𝑈2 437
𝐶2 = = = 465 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 𝑠𝑖𝑛70
𝐶22 4652
𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑜2 − = 1100 − = 1006.6 𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1158
𝐶2 465
𝑀2 = = = 1.1 𝑚/𝑠
√𝛾𝑅𝑇2 √1.33 ∗ 287 ∗ 465
𝛾
𝑇2 𝛾−1 1006.6 4
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑜2 ( ) = 0.99 ∗ 400 ( ) = 277.7 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑜2 1100
𝑃2 277.7
𝜌2 = = = 0.96 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑇2 0.287 ∗ 1006.6
𝑈2 437
𝐶𝑟2 = = = 159 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2 𝑡𝑎𝑛70
𝑚 2
𝑚 = 𝜌2 ∗ 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 ∗ 𝐶𝑟2 𝑜𝑟 𝑏2 = = = 0.01 𝑚
𝜌2 ∗ 𝜋𝐷2 ∗ 𝐶𝑟2 0.96 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 159
𝑊22 1592
𝑇𝑜2𝑟 = 𝑇2 + = 1006.6 + = 1017.5 𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1158
𝛾 1
𝑇𝑜3 𝛾−1∗𝜂 935 4.74
𝑃03 = 𝑃𝑜1 ( ) = 400 ∗ ( ) = 185 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝑇𝑜1 1100
𝐶32 1592
𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑜3 − = 935 − = 924 𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1158
𝐶3 159
𝑀3 = = = 0.267
√𝛾𝑅𝑇3 √1.33 ∗ 287 ∗ 924
𝛾
𝑇3 𝛾−1 924 4
𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑜3 ( ) = 185 ( ) = 176.44 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑜3 935

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𝑃3 176.44
𝜌2 = = = 0.665 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑇3 0.287 ∗ 924
2
𝑚 = 𝜌3 ∗ 𝜋𝑟𝑡3 ∗ (1 − 𝜁 2 ) ∗ 𝐶𝑟3
2
2 = 0.665 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟𝑡3 ∗ (1 − 0.42 ) ∗ 159
𝑟𝑡3 + 𝑟ℎ3
𝑟𝑡3 = 0.0846 𝑚, 𝑟ℎ3 = 𝜁 ∗ 𝑟𝑡3 = 0.0338 𝑚, 𝑟𝑚3 = = 0.0595 𝑚
2
𝑈𝑚3 = 𝜔𝑟𝑚3 = 2185 ∗ 0.0595 = 130 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈𝑡3 = 𝜔𝑟𝑡3 = 2185 ∗ 0.0846 = 184.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈ℎ3 = 𝜔𝑟ℎ3 = 2185 ∗ 0.0338 = 73.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑊𝑚3 = √1302 + 1592 = 205.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑊𝑡3 = √1842 + 1592 = 243 𝑚/𝑠
𝑊ℎ3 = √73.82 + 1592 = 175.3 𝑚/𝑠
𝑊32 205.42
𝑇𝑜3𝑟𝑚 = 𝑇3 + = 924 + = 942 𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 2 ∗ 1158
𝑊𝑚3 205.4
𝑀3𝑟𝑚 = = = 0.345
√𝛾𝑅𝑇3 √1.33 ∗ 287 ∗ 924
𝑈𝑚3
𝛽𝑚3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 39𝑜
𝐶3
𝑈ℎ3
𝛽ℎ3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 25𝑜
𝐶3
𝑈𝑡3
𝛽𝑡3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 49.3𝑜
𝐶3
𝑊ℎ3 175.3
𝑀3𝑟ℎ = = = 0.295
√𝛾𝑅𝑇3 √1.33 ∗ 287 ∗ 924
𝑊𝑡3 243
𝑀3𝑟𝑡 = = = 0.41
√𝛾𝑅𝑇3 √1.33 ∗ 287 ∗ 924

‫مع أطيب تمنياتي بالتوفيق‬

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