Bab 7 Tenaga keupayaan and no kinetic energy, the ball will again have zero kinetic

energy when it returns to its original position. Air

SOALAN-SOALAN
Q3. One person drops a ball from the top of a building
while another person at the bottom observes its
motion. Will these two people agree on the value of the
gravitational potential energy of the ball-Earth system?
On the change in potential energy? On the kinetic
energy?
Solution
Both agree on the change in potential energy, and the
kinetic energy. They may disagree on the value of
gravitational potential energy, depending on their
choice of a zero point
resistance will cause the ball to come back to a point
slightly below its initial position. On the other hand, if
anyone gives a forward push to the ball anywhere along
its path, the demonstrator will have to duck.
MASALAH-MASALAH
5. A bead slides without friction around a loop-the-loop
(Fig. P8.5). The bead is released from a height h = 3.50R.
(a) What is its speed at point A? (b) How large is the
normal force on it if its mass is 5.00 g?

Q9 You ride a bicycle. In what sense is your bicycle

solarpowered?

Solution
All the energy is supplied by foodstuffs that gained
their energy from the sun.
Figure P8.5
Solution
Q11 A bowling ball is suspended from the ceiling of a U i  Ki  U ff  K : mgh  0  mg  2R  1 mv 2
lecture hall by a strong cord. The ball is drawn away 2
1 2
from its equilibrium position and released from rest at g  3.50R  2 g  R  v
the tip of the demonstrator's nose as in Figure Q8.1 1. If 2
the demonstrator remains stationary, explain why she v  3.00 gR
is not struck by the ball on its return swing. Would this
v2 v2
demonstrator be safe if the ball were given a push from F  m R : n  mg  m
R
its starting position at her nose?
 v2   3.00 gR 
n  m   g  m   g   2.00mg
R   R 

 
n  2.00 5.00  10 3 kg 9.80 m s 2 
 0.098 0 N downward

11. A block of mass 0.250 kg is placed on top of a light

Solution
The total energy of the ball-Earth system is conserved.
Since the system initially has gravitational energy mgh
vertical spring of force constant 5 000 N/m and pushed
downward, so that the spring is compressed by 0.100 m.
After the block is released from rest it travels upward and
then leaves the spring. To what maximum height above
the point of release does it rise?
Solution
From conservation of energy for the block-spring-Earth slack and the instant at which the 3.00 kg object reaches its
system, U gt  U si , highest position in its free fall.

 2
 1
or  0.250 kg  9.80 m s h     5 000 N m   0.100 m 
2
2 1
2
 3.00 v 2  mg y  3.00 g y
This gives a maximum height h  10.2 m y  1.00 m
ymax  4.00 m  y  5.00 m

21. A 4.00-kg particle moves from the origin to

13. Two objects are connected by a light string
passing over a light frictionless pulley as shown in
Figure P8.13. The object of mass 5.00-kg is released
from rest. Using the principle of conservation of
energy, (a) determine the speed of the 3.00-kg object
just as the 5.00-kg object hits the ground. (b) Find the
maximum height to which the 3.00-kg object rises.
position C, having coordinates x = 5.00 m and y = 5.00 m.
One force on the particle is the gravitational force acting
in the negative y direction (Fig. P8.21). Using Equation
7.3, calculate the work done by the gravitational force in
going from O to C along (a) OAC, (b) OBC, (c) OC. Your
results should all be identical. Why?

Figure P8.21 Problem 21

Solution
 
Fg  mg   4.00 kg  9.80 m s 2  39.2 N
(a) Work along OAC = work along OA + work along
AC
 Fg  OA cos 90.0  Fg  AC cos180
  39.2 N  5.00 m    39.2 N   5.00 m   1

Figure P8.13 Problems 13 and 14.  196 J

.
Solution (b) W along OBC = W along OB + W along BC
Using conservation of energy for the system of the   39.2 N  5.00 m  cos180   39.2 N   5.00 m  cos 90.0
Earth and the two objects
 196 J
(a) (c) Work along OC  Fg  OC cos135
 5.00 kg  g  4.00 m   3.00 kg  g  4.00 m  12  5.00  3.00 v 2
  1 
  39.2 N 5.00  2 m  


  196 J
2
v  19.6  4.43 m s
The results should all be the same, since gravitational
(b) Now we apply conservation of energy for the forces are conservative.
system of the 3.00 kg object and the Earth during the
time interval between the instant when the string goes
23. A force acting on a particle moving in the xy
plane is given by  F 
 2yiˆ  x 2 ˆj N , where x
and y are in meters. The particle moves from the origin
to a final position having coordinates x = 5.00 m and y
= 5.00 m, as in Figure P8.21. Calculate the work done
by F along (a) OAC, (b) OBC, (c) OC. (d) Is F
conservative or nonconservative? Explain

Solution
(a)

 
5.00 m 5.00 m
WOA   dxiˆ  2y iˆ  x 2 ˆj   2 ydx
0 0 Figure P8.31
and since along this path, y  0 WOA  0

 
5.00 m 5.00 m Solution
WAC   dyˆj  2 y iˆ  x 2 ˆj   x 2 dy
Ui  K i  Emech  U ff  K : m2 gh  fh  1 m1v 2  1 m2 v 2
0 0
2 2
For x  5.00 m , WAC  125 J f   n   m1 g
and WOAC  0  125  125 J 1
m2 gh   m1 gh   m1  m2  v 2
(b) 2
   1  hg 

 
5.00 m 5.00 m 2 m 2 m
v2 
WOB   dyˆj  2 y ˆi  x 2 ˆj   x 2 dy
m1  m2
0 0

since along this path, x  0 , WOB  0

v
 
2 9.80 m s 2  1.50 m  5.00 kg  0.400  3.00 kg  

 
5.00 m 5.00 m
8.00 kg
WBC   dx ˆi  2 y ˆi  x 2 ˆj   2 ydx
0 0  3.74 m s
since y  5.00 m , WBC  50.0 J
WOBC  0  50.0  50.0 J
(c) 33. A 5.00-kg block is set into motion up an inclined
WOC      
dx ˆi  dyˆj  2 y ˆi  x 2 ˆj   2 ydx  x 2 dy  plane with an initial speed of 8.00 m/s (Fig. P8.33). The
block comes to rest after traveling 3.00 m along the plane,
Since x  y along OC,
which is inclined at an angle of 30.0° to the horizontal.
 2x  x  dx 
5.00 m
WOC  
2 For this motion determine (a) the change in the block's
66.7 J
0 kinetic energy, (b) the change in the potential energy of
(d) the block-Earth system, and (c) the friction force exerted
F is nonconservative since the work done is path on the block (assumed to be constant). (d) What is the
coefficient of kinetic friction?
dependent.

31. The coefficient of friction between the 3.00-kg

block and the surface in Figure P8.31 is 0.400. The
system starts from rest. What is the speed of the 5.00-
kg ball when it has fallen 1.50 m?
 Figure P8.33 U d  A A
Fr        2 . The positive value indicates
Solution r dr  r  r
(a) K 
1
2
 1

m v 2fi  v 2   mvi2  160 J
2
a force of repulsion.

(b) U  mg  3.00 m  sin 30.0  73.5 J

(c) The mechanical energy converted due to 53. The particle (Fig. P8.52) is released from rest at A,
friction is 86.5 J and the surface of the bowl is rough. The speed of the
86.5 J particle at B is 1.50 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy at B?
f   28.8 N
3.00 m (b) How much mechanical energy is transformed into
(d) f   k n   k mg cos 30.0  28.8 N internal energy as the particle moves from A to B ? (c) Is
28.8 N it possible to determine the coefficient of friction from
k   0.679
 
 5.00 kg  9.80 m s2 cos 30.0 these results in any simple manner? Explain.

41. A single conservative force acts on a 5.00-kg

particle. The equation Fx = (2x + 4) N describes the
force, where x is in meters. As the particle moves along
the x axis from x = 1.00 m to x = 5.00 m, calculate (a) the
work done by this force, (b) the change in the potential
energy of the system, and (c) the kinetic energy of the
particle at
x = 5.00 m if its speed is 3.00 m/s at
x = 1.00 m. Figure P8.52 Problems 52 and 53.

Solution
(a)
5.00 m
5.00 m  2x2 
W   Fx dx    2 x  4  dx    4 x 
1  2 1
 25.0  20.0  1.00  4.00  40.0 J Solution
(a) KB  mvB   0.200 kg   1.50 m s   0.225 J
1 1 2
(b) K  U  0 U  K  W  40.0 J
2
2 2
mv12 mv12 (b)
(c) K  K f  , K f  K   62.5 J
2 2 Emech  K  U  KB  K A  UB  U A
 K B  mg  hB  hA 

43. The potential energy of a system of two

 
 0.225 J   0.200 kg  9.80 m s 2  0  0.300 m 

particles separated by a distance r is given by U(r) =  0.225 J  0.588 J  0.363 J

A/r, where A is a constant. Find the radial force Fr that
(c) It’s possible to find an effective coefficient of
each particle exerts on the other.
friction, but not the actual value of m since n and f vary
with position.
Solution
A
U  r 
r
57. A 10.0-kg block is released from point A in Figure
P8.57. The track is frictionless except for the portion
between points B and C , which has a length of 6.00 m.
The block travels down the track, hits a spring of force
constant 2 250 N/m, and compresses the spring 0.300 m
 
0   30.0 kg  9.80 m s 2  0.200 m  
1
2
 250 N m   0.200 m  2
from its equilibrium position before coming to rest
momentarily. Determine the coefficient of kinetic

1
2
 
 50.0 kg  v 2   20.0 kg  9.80 m s2  0.200 m  sin 40.0
friction between the block and the rough surface 58.8 J  5.00 J   25.0 kg  v2  25.2 J
between B and C. v  1.24 m s

61. A block of mass 0.500 kg is pushed against a

horizontal spring of negligible mass until the spring is
compressed a distance x (Fig. P8.61). The force constant
of the spring is 450 N/m. When it is released, the block
Figure P8.57 travels along a frictionless, horizontal surface to point B,
Solution the bottom of a vertical circular track of radius R = 1.00 m,
Emech   f x and continues to move up the track. The speed of the
E fi  E   f  dBC block at the bottom of the track is vB = 12.0 m/s, and the
1 2 block experiences an average friction force of 7.00 N while
kx  mgh    mgdBC
2 sliding up the track. (a) What is x? (b) What speed do you
mgh  12 kx 2 predict for the block at the top of the track? (c) Does the
  0.328 block actually reach the top of the track, or does it fall off
mgdBC
before reaching the top?

59. A 20.0-kg block is connected to a 30.0-kg block

by a string that passes over a light frictionless pulley.
The 30.0-kg block is connected to a spring that has
negligible mass and a force constant of 250 N/m, as
shown in Figure P8.59. The spring is unstretched when
the system is as shown in the figure, and the incline is
frictionless. The 20.0-kg block is pulled 20.0 cm down
the incline (so that the 30.0-kg block is 40.0 cm above
the floor) and released from rest. Find the speed of
each block when the 30.0-kg block is 20.0 cm above the
floor (that is, when the spring is unstretched). Figure P8.61

Solution
1 2 1
(a) Initial compression of spring: kx  mv 2
2 2
 450 N m   x 2  12  0.500 kg   12.0 m s  2
1
2
 x  0.400 m
Figure P8.59
 K  U i   K  U f
(b) Speed of block at top of track: Emech   f x 71. A ball whirls around in a vertical circle at the end
 1 2  1 2 of a string. If the total energy of the ball-Earth system
 mghT  2 mvT    mghB  2 mvB    f   R 
    remains constant, show that the tension in the string at the

  1 bottom is greater than the tension at the top by six times

 0.500 kg  9.80 m s2  2.00 m    0.500 kg  vT2 the weight of the ball
2
1
  0.500 kg   12.0 m s     7.00 N      1.00 m 
2 Solution
2 Applying Newton’s second law at the bottom (b) and top
0.250vT2  4.21 (t) of the circle gives
 vT  4.10 m s mvb2 mvt2
Tb  mg  and Tt  mg  
(c) Does block fall off at or before top of track? R R
Adding these gives
Block falls if ac  g
v 2  4.10
2
Tb  Tt  2mg 

m vb2  vt2 
ac  T   16.8 m s 2 R
R 1.00
Also, energy must be conserved and U  K  0
Therefore c  g and the block stays on the track .
a
So,

m vb2  vt2    0  2mgR  0 and m  v
2
b  vt2   4mg
2 R
Substituting into the above equation gives Tb  Tt  6mg
215