Newton’s Universal Law of

Gravitation
A LECTURE ON GENERAL PHYSICS 1
BY ENGR. JACKIELOU D. DECENA
 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

The gravitational force (F) between any two masses, m1

and m2 , is proportional to the product of the masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance, r, that separate their centers.
m1m2
F G 2 Where G is the universal law of gravitation constant
r SI unit: 11
G  6.67  10 N  m / kg
2 2

English unit:
G  3.44  10 8 lb  ft 2 / slug 2
 Example:

The gravitational force between two identical

objects, each with a mass of 10 kg, is 1N. What is the
distance between their centers?
 Statics
HOW MANY FORCES ARE ACTING ON A BOX
OF CHALK PLACED ON TOP OF A TEACHER’S
TABLE?
 Statics
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FORCES ACTING ON
OBJECTS THAT ARE AT REST OR MOVING
WITH CONSTANT SPEED IN A STRAIGHT
PATH
 Equilibrium

An object is in equilibrium only if the resultant of all

forces acting on the particle is equal to zero.

Static Equilibrium – object at rest

Dynamic Equilibrium – objects moving in a straight
path at constant speed.
 First Condition of Equilibrium

If an object is in translational equilibrium, then the

resultant of all forces acting on it must be zero

F  F  F 1 2  F3  ...  Fn  0
In terms of x and y components:
F x  F1x  F2 x  F3 x  ...  Fnx  0
F y  F1 y  F2 y  F3 y  ...  Fny  0
 Example:

Determine the tension in each cord that supports the

200-N hanging box as shown in the figure.

45ᵒ 30ᵒ

200N
 Example:

Rope3 shown in the figure below has tension of

150N. Determine T2 and θ2 if weight =160N

T3 T2
40ᵒ θ2

T1

160N
 Assignment 1

In the given figure, determine the weights W1 and

W2 that causes tension T=64N.

T1
T 30ᵒ T1

T2 W1

W2
A 150 kg box is suspended from two ropes, the left
one makes an angle of 30 with the vertical, and the
other makes an angle of 40 with the horizontal. What
is the tension in each rope?

  
 Second Condition of Equilibrium

Torque ( ) – measures the ability of the force to

cause rotation.
The point at which an object rotates is called
fulcrum.
The perpendicular distance between the point of
application of the force and the fulcrum is called
moment arm or lever arm (l)
 Second Condition of Equilibrium

Torque ( ) = F.l
Unit of torque : N.m. or lb.ft
Torque is positive (+) if the force causes an object to
rotate counterclockwise and negative (-) if it causes
the object to rotate clockwise.
 Second Condition of Equilibrium

In Rotational Equilibrium:

   1   2   3  ...   n  0
Where  1 ,  2 ,  3 , n represent the torques produced
by forces F1, F2, F3, and Fn
 Example

A beam 3m long has a weight of 100N at one end

(left) and another weight of 50N at the other end.
The weight of the beam is negligible. Find the
balance point of the beam
 Example

A 4m wooden platform is suspended from the roof of

a house by ropes attched to its ends. A painter
weighing 700N stands 1.5m from the right end of the
platform. The platform weighs 150N. Find the
tension in each ropes.
 Assignment 2

A 20-kg child and a 35-kg child sit at opposite ends

of a 4m seesaw that is pivoted at its center. Where
should another 20 kg child sit in order to balance the
seesaw?
 Assignment 3

A 25N weight is attached to one end of a 3m uniform

beam whose weight is 30 N. where is the balance
point of the system?
 Assignment 4

A 100 kg box is suspended from two ropes, the left

one makes an angle of 20 degrees with the vertical,
the other makes an angle of 40 degrees with the
vertical. What is the tension of each rope?
Work, Energy, Conservation of
Energy, and Power
 WORK

Work can be defined as transfer of energy.

 In physics we say that work is done on an object
when you transfer energy to that object.
 If one object transfers (gives) energy to a second
object, then the first object does work on the
second object.
 WORK

 WORK (W) represents the physical effects of an

external force applied to a particle or object that
results in a net displacement in the direction of the
force.
  Dot product or Scalar Product
 , N-m  work is scalar quantity
Unit of Work is Joules (J)
 Dot Product

One of the important mathematical operation

commonly used in Physics.
Also called the Scalar Product.
The dot product of two vectors may be computed by
multiplying the product of their magnitudes by cos θ.
Where θ is the angle between them.
 Example

Calculate the work done by a nurse who exerts a

force of 8-N at an angle of 40 degrees below the
horizontal in pushing the patient in a wheelchair at a
distance of 20m.
 EXAMPLE
 Suppose that you push on the 30.0kg package in the given figure with a
constant force of 120N through distance of 0.8m and that the opposing
friction of 5N. (a) Calculate the net work done on the package. (b) if the
applied force, F which is 120N, is elevated at 20 degrees, calculate the
net work done on the object. (c)Solve the same problem as in part (a),
this time by finding the work done by each force that contributes to the
net force. (d) repeat (c) but use the given in part (b).

F=120N D=0.80m
m=30.0kg

f=5.0N
Wt. N
 Energy

Energy can be defined as the capacity for doing

work.
 FORMS & TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

 KINETIC ENERGY (KE)  the energy possessed by

an object because it is in motion.

Where m mass, kg
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
v  velocity, m/s
𝑊=∆ 𝐾𝐸= 𝐾 𝐸2 − 𝐾 𝐸1
 
Unit is Joule(J)
 FORMS & TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

POTENTIAL
   ENERGY (PE)  the energy possessed by an
object because of gravitational interaction. Usually this
energy is the energy stored in an object.

Where m mass, kg
g  gravitational acceleration,
h  height of the object
Unit is Joule(J)
 FORMS & TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

Both KE and PE are kinds of MECHANICAL

ENERGY
 An object has due to its motion and the forces acting on
it.
Electricity carries ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Energy stored in matter as CHEMICAL ENERGY
FORMS & TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

RADIANT ENERGY
NUCLEAR ENERGY
SOLAR RADIATION
HEAT ENERGY
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can

only be transformed from one form to another.
 Example

1. A skier hikes up a 10m hill and gains energy after

going against the force of gravity. At the top of the hill,
he has purely potential energy (energy due to
position). When he moves down the hill, this potential
energy changes to kinetic energy. What is the work
done by the skier knowing his mass to be 50 kg?
2. Juan lifted a bag of rice 60kg on to a flat
surface 1.2m vertically above the ground in 240
seconds calculate the work done?
3. How much work is done in raising a 10.0 kg
backpack from the floor to a shelf 1.50 m above
the floor?
4. The amount of work done by a carpenter holding a
20kg sheet of drywall at 2.5 meters elevation above the
ground for 30 minutes is?
5. Suppose a 30kg package on the roller belt conveyor
system is moving at 0.5m/s. What is the kinetic energy?
 OTHER LEARNING RESOURCES

WORK AND ENERGY

KE AND PE
 EXAMPLE
 Suppose that you push on the 30.0kg package in the given figure with a
constant force of 120N through distance of 0.8m and that the opposing
friction of 5N. (a) Calculate the net work done on the package. (b) if the
applied force, F which is 120N, is elevated at 20 degrees, calculate the
net work done on the object. (c)Solve the same problem as in part (a),
this time by finding the work done by each force that contributes to the
net force. (d) repeat (c) but use the given in part (b).

F=120N D=0.80m
m=30.0kg

f=5.0N
Wt. N
Suppose that package is moving at initial speed of
0.5m/s. solve for the KE and the final velocity in part
(a) & part (b)
Physics Coverage
 Power

 Defined as the rate of doing work

In the SI unit, the unit of power often used is hp

(horsepower)
 Power -- Energy

 Because work is energy transfer, power is also the

rate at which energy is expended.

Example: a 60-Watt light bulb expends how many

energy per second?
 Example : power-- work--energy

What is the power output for a 60.o kg woman who runs

up a 3.0 m high flight of stairs in 3.50 seconds, starting
from rest but having the final speed of 2.00 m/s?
 When the woman runs upstairs starting from rest, she
converts the chemical energy (originally from the food)
into kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. Her
power output depends on how fast she does this activity
 𝑊 = ∆ 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸
 ICL Activity

Determine your own power rating by measuring the

time it takes for you to climb a flight of stairs.
(neglect the kinetic energy)
 Recitation (1/4 sheet of paper)

Explain, in terms of the definition of power, why

energy consumption is sometimes listed in kilowatt-
hours rather than joules. What is the relationship
between these two energy units?
 Trivia

In
  the SI unit, the unit of power often used is hp
(horsepower)
The unit HORSEPOWER (hp) was actually taken
from a horse. A horse was used to haul out the mines
from the mine sites. The unit of watt was first chosen
by James Watt(1736-1819), who needed a way to
specify the power of his newly developed STEAM
ENGINES, eventually replacing the use of the horse.
 Continuation…

He found by experimenting that a good horse can

work all day at an average of rate of about 367 ft-
lb/s. So as not to be accused of exaggeration in the
scale of his steam engines, he multiplied this by 1.5
when he defined the horsepower.
 Power – Force – Velocity Relation

 
Example: Akiko Thompson develops an average
power of 300W as she covers 200 m in 40.0 sec.
What is the resistive force exerted by the water on
her? How much horsepower does she consumed?
 Example: Power – Work– Energy– Velocity

What is the power output of a car engine whose mass

is 1300kg if it can go from 20 km/h to 120km/h in 10
seconds? Express your answer in watts and
horsepower. 𝑊   =∆ 𝐾𝐸= 𝐾 𝐸2 − 𝐾 𝐸1
 Example: Power – Work – Energy

A floor polisher supplies an average of 1000W

power. If the floor polisher is used for 10 minutes,
determine how much work the polisher produced.
(Express your answer in kW-h)
Answer: 0.17kW-h
 Example: Power and energy consumption

The cost of electric energy varies around the country,

but supposed P2.00 per kilowatt hour is the average,
what is the cost of running a 1500-W aircon unit 8.0
hours per day for 30 days?
P720
Power and energy consumption
 Example : Conserved Energy

A skateboard artist is sliding downhill a street at a

constant speed of 7.om/s when he reaches a greasy
stretch on which his skateboard moves with
negligible friction. If the greasy stretch is 12 m high,
what is the skateboardist’s speed at its bottom.
Answer: 16.86m/s
 seatwork

1. What is the amount of work a 0.60kW electric drill can do in

1.0min? 36kJ
2. What is the speed of a 1.0kg object when its kinetic energy is
1.0J? 1.414m/s
3. What is the speed of the same object in #2 if the object has a
weight of 1.0N? 4.43m/s
4. A sedentary person requires about 6 million J of energy per
day. This ratio of energy consumption is equivalent to how
many watts? 69.44W
5. Nurses Jerome and Anna alternately push a patient in
a wheelchair with a total mass of 100kg. If they started
from rest to a speed of 2.0m/s, and the friction between
the wheels and the floor is 0.05 at a distance of 15 m
along the hospital corridor, calculate:
a. The work done. 200J
b. The average work that must be exerted on the
wheelchair. -735J