Review | DOT |

Resultant of Forces

Engr. Odiña
 Reference Book

Engineering Mechanics by
Ferdinand Singer, 2nd Edition.
 REVIEW OF
SCALARS AND
VECTORS
 SCALAR QUANTITY
A scalar quantity is a quantity that has magnitude only and has
no direction in space.

Examples of Scalar Quantities:

 Length
 Area
 Volume
 Time
 Mass
 VECTOR QUANTITY
• A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude and a
direction in space.

Examples of Vector Quantities:

 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Force
 VECTOR DIAGRAMS
 Vector diagrams are
shown using an arrow.
 The length of the arrow
represents its magnitude.
 The direction of the arrow
shows its direction.
 RESULTANT OF TWO VECTORS
• The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of two vector
quantities.

Vectors in the same direction: Vectors in the same direction:

 Parallelogram and Triangle Method
 When two vectors are joined  When two vectors are joined
tail to tail. head to tail.
 Complete the parallelogram  Draw the resultant vector by
 The resultant is found by completing the triangle.
drawing the diagonal.
 Sample problem
Two forces are applied to a body, as shown. What is the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the
body?

a
12 N d
θ 13

5N
N 5

b c
12
 Sample problem
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the three
forces shown below.
d 5 c

N
5N
5

07
7.
90º
θ
45º

N
a b
5N

93
135º

2.
N
10
 Short Recap
 What is a scalar quantity?
 Give 2 examples
 What is a vector quantity?
 Give 2 examples
 How are vectors represented?
 What is the resultant of 2 vector quantities?
 What is the triangle law?
 What is the parallelogram law?
 REVIEW OF
TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRY – Right Triangle
 Pythagorean Theorem
There are six special functions that describe the relationship
between the sides of a right triangle and the angles of the
triangle. We will discuss three of the functions here. The three
functions are called the sine, cosine, and tangent (the three
others are cosecant, secant, and cotangent, but we will not
need to use them here).
Pythagorean Theorem
Finding the trigonometric functions
•Find:
  sine, cosine, and tangent of
the given .
Finding the trigonometric functions
•Find:
  sine, cosine, and tangent of
the given .
 Another Example # 1:
Find the measure of the
missing side
 Another Example #2:
Find the measure of the
missing side
Definition of Terms |
Introduction
 INTRODUCTION
Engineering Mechanics may be defined as the
science which considers the effects of forces on
rigid bodies. The subject divides naturally into
two parts: Statics and Dynamics.
 Engineering Mechanics
STATICS
Force System: Application:
Concurrent Trusses
Parallel Centroids
Non Concurrent Friction
 Engineering Mechanics
DYNAMICS
Kinematics: Kinetics:
Translation Translation
Rotation Rotation
Plane motion Plane motion
 Fundamental Concept and Definition
Rigid Bodies. A rigid body is defined as a definite amount of
matter the parts of which are fixed in position relative to
each other.
Forces. Force may be defined as that which changes, or
tends to change, the state of motion of a body.

Note: Solid bodies are never rigid; they deform under the
action applied forces. When this deformation is negligible
compared to the size of the body and the body may be
assumed rigid
 Fundamental Concept and Definition
Definition refers to the external effect of a force.

The internal effect of a force is to produce stress

and deformation in the body on which the force
acts.
EXTERNAL EFFECT = STATICS
INTERNAL EFFECTS = STREMA
 Fundamental Concept and Definition
Characteristics of a Force
1. Magnitude - the size or the numerical Value of force
2. Position of its line of action - is a geometric
representation of how the force is applied
3. Direction in which the force acts along its line of
action
 Fundamental Concept and Definition
Principle of Transmissibility of
a force states that the external
effect of a force on a body is
the same for all points of
application along its line of
action; i.e., it is independent of
the point of application. The
internal effect of a force,
however, is definitely
dependent on its point of
application.
 Fundamental Concept and Definition
A force system is any arrangement where two or
more forces act on a body or on a group of
related bodies. When the lines of action of all the
forces in a force system lie in one plane, they are
referred to as being coplanar; otherwise they are
non-coplanar
 Fundamental Concept and Definition
The force systems are further classified according to their lines
of action.
 Forces whose lines of action pass through a common point are
called con-current;
 those in which the lines of action are parallel are called
parallel force systems;
 and those the lines of action neither are parallel nor intersect
in a common point are known as non-concurrent force
system.
Axioms of Mechanics
 Axioms of Mechanics
The parallelogram law: The resultant of two
forces is the diagonal of the parallelogram
formed on the vectors of these forces.

Two forces are in equilibrium only when

equal in magnitude, opposite in direction
and collinear in action.
 Axioms of Mechanics
A set of forces in equilibrium may be added
to any system of forces without changing the
effect of the original system.

Action and reaction forces are equal but

oppositely direction.
Free Body Diagrams
 Resultant of
Force System
 Resultant of Force System
The effect of a system of forces on a body is usually
expressed in terms of a resultant. The value of this resultant
determines the motion of the body. As we shall see, if the
resultant is zero, the body will be in equilibrium and will not
change it’s original state of motion. This is the province of
statistics. If the resultant of a force system is not zero, the body
will have a varying state of motion, thereby creating a problem
in dynamics. Here we shall consider the technique for
determining the resultant effect of various types of coplanar
force system. When these coplanar types are mastered, It is
only a simple step to the more general case of non coplanar or
space system of forces which is discussed in next topics.
 Forces and components
Consider the example of a car driven due east for 4 miles, then
turned sharply and driven due north for 3 miles. What resultant
distance has the car covered?
a. 3.33 miles
b. 4.5 miles
c. 5 miles
d. 6.33 miles
Components of a force
Components of a force
Sign of Fx Sign of Fy Direction of F with Diagram
respect to Origin O

+ +
+ -
- +
- -
 Illustrative problem # 1
Problem 201: A force of 200 N is directed as shown in the
figure. Determine the X and Y components of the force.
 Illustrative problem #2
Problem 202: Determine the components of the 300N force
directed down to the right at a slope of 2 to 3 as shown in the
figure.
 Illustrative problem #3
•Problem
  203: The components of a certain force are defined by
and . Determine the magnitude, inclination with the X axis, and
point of the force.