SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M

SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Heat Transfer – Is the movement of heat from one

body to another by means of conduction, convection,
CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE PLANE WALLS:
or radiation.
For a composite wall shown in the figure, if the heat
Modes of Heat Transfer: flows in series first through one slab and then
another, Fourier’s equation can be applied as:
Conduction – Is a mode of heat transfer in which heat
is transferred by molecular interaction through bodies
in contact.

Convection – Is a mode of heat transfer in which heat

is transferred due to mixing and motion of particles of
a substance.
a. Free Convection – The substance moves
because of the decrease in its density which is caused
by increase in temperature.
b. Forced Convection – The substance
moves because of the application of mechanical Where: RT = Overall resistance
power such as that of a fan. Q = Q 1 = Q 2 = Q3 for steady state heat
transfer
Radiation – Is a mode of heat transfer in which heat is
transferred between bodies by energy propagating
electromagnetic waves.

CONDUCTION

Conduction through a plane wall:

For steady state, unidirectional flow of heat through a
homogeneous plane wall, Fourier’s equation gives the
heat by conduction as:

Where:
W
hi = surface film conductance on hot side 2
m −℃
W
ho = surface film conductance on cold side 2
m −℃
Where:
Q = heat transmitted , W
A = heat transfer area, m2
t1 = surface temperature on hot side, ℃ or K
t2 = surface temperature on cold side, ℃ or K
x = thickness of the wall, m
w W
k = thermal conductivity or
m−℃ m−K

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Conduction through Pipe:

In conduction throught pipe assume that heat flows in
the radial direction from inside to outside surface.
Fouriers equation gives the heat loss as:

Note: for steady state heat transfer:

Q = Q 1 = Q2
Where:
A1 = 2 π r 1 L
A2 = 2 π r 2 L
Where: hi = surface conductance on inside surface
R = resistance to heat flow h o= surface conductance on outside surface
ln ⁡(r 2 /r 1)
R=
2 πLk Heat Transferred in terms of the overall conductance:

Q = U i Ai∆ t or Q = Uo Ao∆ t
Where:
Ui = Overall conductance based on inside area
Uo = Overall conductance based on the outside area

HEAT EXCHANGER

Heat Exchanger – Is any device which affects the

transfer of heat from one substance to another.

Examples of Heat Exchangers:

Note: For steady state heat transfer:
Q = Q 1 = Q2
Where:
Q1 = heat passes through layer 1
Q2 = heat passes through layer 2
Q = total amount of heat that passes throught
layers.
- Steam boiler - evaporators
- Steam Condenser - economizer
- Water heater - fluid heaters and coolers
- Oil heaters - tube bank
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:
1. Heat Exchangers wherein a fluid at constant
temperature gives up heat to a colder fluid
the temperature of which gradually increases
as it flows through the device. The heating
fluid can be at rest or moving in any direction.

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

An example of this type would be a steam
condenser.

5. Cross-flow heat exchangers in which one fluid

flows at an angle to the second one as in the
case in tube banks.

2. Devices wherein a fluid at constant LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE

temperature receives heat from a warmer DIFFECRENCE, LMTD
fluid the temperature of which decreases as it ( ∆ t ) max− ( ∆ t ) min
flows through the exchanger. The heated fluid LMTD=
( ∆ t ) max
can be at rest or moving in any direction An ln
( ∆ t ) min
example of this type is a steam boiler.

ARITHMETIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE,

AMTD

3. Parallel flow heat exchangers wherein the
fluid flows in the same direction and both of
them change their temperature. An examples
of this type are water heater, oil heater and
coolers.
( ∆ t ) max−( ∆ t ) min
AMTD=
2
RADIATION
Radiation - Radiation is the mode of heat transfer
through electromagnetic wave. Anything whose
temperature is above the surrounding will always
radiate of significant amount. The Stefan-Boltzmann
Law (otherwise known as fourth power law) of heat
transfer governs radiation heat transfer.

The Radiant heat exchange between two surfaces can

be computed from Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
Q/t = e σ A [ (T1)4 – (T2)4 ] Watts
4. Counterflow heat exchangers wherein the
Where:
fluids flow in directions opposite to one
Q/t = heat transmitted by radiation per unit
another. This possibly the most favorable kind
time (/s or W)
of fluid heaters and coolers.
e = emissivity factor (from 0 to 1.0)
ó = 5.67 x 10- W/m³.K
A = radiating surface area
T1 = absolute temperature of surface radiating
the heat, K

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

T2 = absolute temperature of surface receiving
the heat, K
THE CONCEPT OF A PERFECT BLACK BODY
which the effect of viscosity is important in controlling
the velocities or the flow pattern of a fluid; equal to
the product of density, of velocity and characteristics
length divided by the fluid viscosity.

Perfect Black Body is a body that absorbs all VD

N ℜ=
electromagnetic radiation. It absorbs all wavelength μk
such no reflection occurs. When radiant energy falls
on a body, part may be absorbed, part reflected, and Where:
the remainder transmitted through the body. In V = velocity ( m/s )
mathematical form; D = diameter used a characteristics length (m)
a+r+t=1 μk = kinematic viscosity ( in m2/s) (where:
Where: μk =μ d / p)
a = absorptivity or the fraction of the total μd = dynamic vidcosity ( in Pa-s )
energy absorbed p = density ( kg/m3 )
r = reflectivity or the fraction of the total energy
reflected
t = transmitted or the fraction of the total
energy transmitted through the body.

PLANCK’S LAW
- All substances emit radiation, the quantity and
quality of which depends upon the absolute B. PRANDLT NUMBER, NPr
temperature and the properties of the material, - Prandit number is a dimensionless number used in
composing the radiating body. the study of forced and free convection, equal to the
KIRCHOFF’S LAW dynamic viscosity times the specific heat at constant
- For bodies in thermal equilibrium with their pressure divided by the thermal conductivity.
environment, the ratio of total emissive power to the μd C p
absorptivity is constant at any temperature. N Pr=
k
STEFAN BOLTZMANN LAW
Where:
- The total energy emitted by a black body is μd = dynamic viscosity
proportional to the fourth power to the absolute
C p = specific heat
temperature of the body.
k = thermal conductivity
CONVECTION

Convection – Is the mechanism of heat transfer

whereby heat energy is transferred by moving fluids.
1. Most important dimensionless group in the analysis
of heat convection:
A. REYNOLDS NUMBER, NRE
- Reynold's number is a dimensionless number which
is significant in the design of a model of any system in
C. NUSSELT NUMBER, NNu
- Nusselt Number is a dimensionless number used in
the study of forced convection which gives a measure
of the ratio of the total heat transfer to conductive
heat transfer, and is equal to the heat-transfer
coefficient times the characteristic length divided by
the thermal conductivity

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

hD STEADY, ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION
N Nu=
k
We will treat the simplest possible type of heat
Where: transfer process, energy transport in the absence of
h = heat transfer coefficient convection and radiation (heat conduction),
independent of time (steady), and only one
component of the heat flux vector veing nonzero (one-
D. GRASHOF NUMBER, NGR dimensional).
- Grashof number is a dimensionless number used in
Fundamental Energy Postulate [ 1st Law of
the study of the free convection of a fluid caused by a
Thermodynamics]
hot body. It is equal to the product of the fluids
coefficient of thermal expansion, the temperature
difference between the hot body and the fluid, the - The time rate of change of the internal and kinetic
cube of a typical dimension of the body and the energy of a body is equal to the rate at which heat is
square of the fluids density divided by the square of transmitted to the body plus the rate at which work is
the fluid's dynamic viscosity. done on the body plus the rate at which
3 2
electromagnetic is liberated within the body.
D p βg ∆ t
N GR =
μd
Where:
Left-hand-side represents the time rate of change of
D = diameter is used as characteristic length
the internal and kinetic energy of the body. E is the
p = density of the fluid
internal energy per unit mass and is assumed to be
β = coefficient of thermal expansion
the local state of the system even though the system
∆ t = temperature difference between the surface
is not at equilibrium. This assumption is oftern
and the fluid
referred to as the principle of local equilibrium.
g = gravitational acceleration
μd = dynamic viscosity of the fluid

2. Convective Heat Transfer with known specific

heat:

Q = mCp∆ t = mCp (t2-t1) Watts

Where: The 1st term represents the rate which heat is
m = mass flow rate, kg/s transmitted to the body at the surface of the body,
Cp = specific heat J/kg-s℃ Am(t). ( Surface of the material )
∆ t = temperature difference

3. Surface Convection The 2nd term represents the rate at which surface
work is done on the body.
Q = hcA∆ t = hcA (t2-t1) Watts
Where:
hc = surface coefficient associated with
convection, W / m2 The 3rd term represents the rate at which body forces
A = heat transfer area, m 2 (gravitational, electrostatic, and electromagnetic) do
t1 = hot surface temperature, ℃ work on the body.
t2 = fluid temperature, ℃

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 SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

The last term represents the rate of heat generation
owing the electromagnetic effects.
The complete form of the fundamental energy
postulate is not required for our study of steady, one-
dimensional heat conduction. Under steady
conditions with v=0, Equation above reduces to
- It should be noted at this point that heat and work
are simply two different mechanisms by which energy
can be transferred to a body. The region occupied by
a body is referred to as a material volume and is
denoted by Vm(t), and the surface bounding the body
is a material surface and is designated by Am(t). If we
use e to represent the internal energy per unit mass
1 2
and note that pv is the kinetic energy per unit
2
volume, t Then the internal and kinetic energy of a
body is

Material Volume

The fundamental energy postulate may be stated in

word as. Material Derivative

1st Term 1st Term

2nd Term

Left side Here the derivative D / Dt is referred to as the

nd
2 Term material derivative, for it represents the time
3rd Term rate of change that would be measured by an
observer moving with the material.t The
second term in Eq. 2.1-1 can be expressed as
3rd Term
4th Term

4th Term
5th Term

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

In effect, is a definition of the heat flux vector,
i.e., q is a vector such that when it is dotted
with the outwardly directed unit normal,
multiplied by -1, and integrated over the
entire surface yields the rate at which non-
mechanical energy (heat) is transferred to the
body at its boundaries.

If we focus our attention on an element of

surface dA, we can express the force dF acting
on the element in terms of the stress vector
t(n) by the equation

The stress vector, generally defined in courses

on solid and fluid mechanics [1,2,3], is the
vector force per unit area acting on a surface
having an outwardly directed unit normal, n.
Let us now consider the work done on a
moving surface area element during the time
∆ t. This process is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.2
where the element dA is shown moving
through a distance ∆ L in the direction
denoted by the unit vector

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER
PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO
One Dimensional steady state conduction through
plane and composite walls, tubes and spheres
without heat generation
Plane Wall or Slab of Uniform Conductivity without
Heat Generation:
- Consider steady state heat conduction through a
plane wall of thickness ‘L’ and area ‘A’ having uniform
conductivity ‘k’ as shown in Figure 1. Temperature on
the left hand side of the wall is T 1 and on the right
hand side it is T2. Heat is flowing from left hand side to
the right hand side as T1 is greater than T2. The general
conduction equation which governs the conduction
heat transfer is written as
PREPARED BY: TYN
DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022
Cylinder of Uniform Conductivity without Heat
Generation:
- Consider steady state heat conduction through a
cylinder having r1 and r2 as inner and outer radii
respectively and length ‘L’ as shown in Figure 2.
Temperature of the inner and outer surfaces is T 1 and
T2 respectively. Heat is flowing from inner to outer
surface as T1 is greater than T2. The general
conduction equation which governs the conduction
heat transfer is written as
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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A CHIMNEY

Type-1

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Type-2 Type-4

Type-3

Type-5

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Type-6 Type-9

Type-7

Type-10

Type-8 Type-11

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Type-12 Type-15

Type-13 Type-16

Type-17
Type-14

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Type-18

Type-19

2.1 Analysis

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Type-20 Type-23

Type-24
Type-21

Type-25
Type-22

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Type-26 Type-29

Type-30
Type-27

Type-28

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Transient Heat Conduction

Lumped System Analysis

- Interior temperatures of some bodies remain
essentially uniform at all times during a heat transfer
process. The temperature of such bodies are only a
function of time, T = T(t). The heat transfer analysis
based on this idealization is called lumped system
analysis.

Criterion for Lumped System Analysis

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD (FDM)

Transient Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres.
- The finite difference techniques are based upon
approximations which permit replacing differentials
equations by finite difference equations. These finite
difference approximations are algebraic in form; they
relate the value of the dependent variable at a point
in the solution region to the values at some
neighboring points. Thus a finite difference solution
basically involes three steps:

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SUBJECT CODE: FME-10-M
SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER PREPARED BY: TYN

PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

 Dividing the solution region into a grid of
nodes.
 Approximating the given differential equation
by finite difference equivalent that relates the
dependent variable at a point in the solution
region to its values at the neighboring points.
 Solving the difference equations subject to
the prescribed boundary conditions and/or
initial conditions.

Introduction to Convection Heat Transfer

So far, we have considered conduction, which is the

mechanism of heat transfer through a solid or a
quiescent fluid. We now consider convection, which is
the mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the
presence of bulk fluid motion.

Note1- Convection is classified as natural (or free) and

forced convection, depending on how the fluid motion
is initiated. In forced convection, the fluid is forced to
Boundary Conditions flow over a surface or in a pipe by external means
such as a pump or a fan. In natural convection, any
fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the
buoyancy effect, which manifests itself as the rise of
warmer fluid and the fall of the cooler fluid.

Note2- Convection is also classified as external and

internal, depending on whether the fluid is forced to
flow over a surface or in a channel.

Note3- Conduction and convection are similar in that

both mechanisms require the presence of a material
medium. Heat transfer through a liquid or gas occurs
by conduction or convection, depending on the
presence of any bulk fluid motion. Heat transfer

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SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER
PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO
through a fluid is by convection in the presence of
bulk fluid motion and by conduction in the absence of
it. Therefore, conduction in a fluid can be viewed as
the limiting case of convection in the case of
quiescent fluid as shown in Fig. (6.1).
Fig.(6.1) Heat transfer from a hosurface to the
surrounding fluid byconvection and conduction
where (∂T/∂y) y=0 represents the local temperature
gradient at the surface. Note that convection
heattransfer from a solid surface to a fluid is merely
the conduction heat transfer from the solid surface to
the fluid layer adjacent to the surface. Therefore, we
can equate Eqs.[(6.1.a) & (6.2)] for the local heat flux
to obtain the local convection heat transfer coefficient
as follow;
PREPARED BY: TYN
DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022
If the values of local heat transfer coefficient is
available along the entire surface of length L, the
mean convection coefficient for the whole surface can
be determined by integration along its length to be;
Nusselt Number
- In convection studies, it is common practice to
nondimensionalize the governing equations and
combine the variables, which group together into
dimensionless numbers in order to reduce the
number of total variables. It is also common practice
to nondimensionalize the heat transfer coefficient h
with the Nusselt number, defined as;
Where k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid and Lc
is the characteristic length of flow. To understand the
physical significance of the Nusselt number, consider
a fluid layer of thickness L and temperature difference
ΔT = T2 - T1, as shown in Fig.(6.3). Heat transfer
through the fluid layer will be by convection when the
fluid involves some motion and by conduction when
the fluid layer is motionless. Heat flux (the rate of heat
transfer per unit time per unit surface area) in either
case will be;
Therefore, the Nusselt number represents the
enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid layer as
a result of convection relative to conduction across
the same fluid layer. The larger the Nusselt number,
the more effective the convection. A Nusselt number
of Nu = 1 for a fluid layer represents heat transfer
across the layer by pure conduction.
Classification of Fluid Flows
- Convection heat transfer is the science that deals
with the behavior of fluids at rest or in motion, and
the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at
the boundaries. There are many ways to classify the
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PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO
fluid flow problems, and below we present some
general categories.
- Viscous versus Unviscous Flow:- When two fluid
layers move relative to each other, a friction force
develops between them and the slower layer tries to
slow down the faster layer. This internal resistance to
flow is called the viscosity. So, Flows in which the
effects of viscosity are significant are called viscous
flows. If the effects of viscosity are very small in some
flows, and neglecting those effects greatly simplifies
the analysis without much loss in accuracy. Such
idealized flows of zeroviscosity fluids are called
frictionless or unviscous flows, where Prandtl number
is too small Pr<<<1.
- Internal versus External Flow:- A fluid flow is
classified as being internal and external depending on
whether the fluid is forced to flow in a confined
channel or over a surface. The flow of an unbounded
fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a pipe is
external flow. The flow in a pipe or duct is internal
flow if the fluid is completely bounded by solid
surfaces. Water flow in a pipe is internal flow, while
air flow over an exposed pipe during a windy day is
external flow Fig. (6.4).
Fig.(6.4) Internal flow of waterin a pipe and the
external flow of air over the same pipe
- Laminar versus Turbulent Flow:- Some flows are
smooth and orderly while others are random and
disorderly. The highly ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth streamlines is called laminar.
The flow of highviscosity fluids such as oils at low
PREPARED BY: TYN
DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022
velocities is typically laminar. The highly disordered
fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities is
called turbulent. The flow of low-viscosity fluids such
as air at high velocities is typically turbulent.
- Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow:- A fluid
flow is said to be natural or forced, depending on how
the fluid motion is initiated. In forced flow, a fluid is
forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external
means such as a pump or a fan. In natural flows, any
fluid motion is due to a natural means such as the
buoyancy effect.
- Steady versus Unsteady (Transient) Flow:- The term
steady implies no change with time. The opposite of
steady is unsteady, or transient.
- One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows:- A flow
field is best characterized by the velocity distribution,
and thus a flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional if the flow velocity V varies in one, two,
or three primary dimensions, respectively.
Boundary Layer Development
Velocity Boundary Layer
- The presence of the plate is felt up to some normal
distance δ from the plate beyond which the free-
stream velocity u∞ remains essentially unchanged.
As a result, the x-component of the fluid velocity, u,
will vary from 0 at y = 0 to nearly u∞ at y = δ as
shown in Fig.(6.5). The region of the flow above the
plate bounded by δ in which the effects of the viscous
shearing forces caused by fluid viscosity are felt is
called the velocity boundary layer. The boundary
layer thickness, δ, is typically defined as the distance y
from the surface at which u = 0.99u∞. The
hypothetical line of u = 0.99u∞ divides the flow over a
plate into two regions: the boundary layer region, in
which the viscous effects and the velocity changes are
significant, and the unviscous flow region, in which
the frictional effects are negligible and the velocity
remains essentially constant.
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PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

Prandtl Number
- The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal
boundary layers is best described by the
dimensionless parameter which is called Prandtl
number, and defined as;

Note1- The Prandtl numbers of fluids range from less

than 0.01 for liquid metals to more than 100,000 for
Thermal Boundary Layer heavy oils as shown in Table (6.1). Note that the
- The thermal boundary layer develops when a fluid at Prandtl number is in the order of 10 for water.
a specified temperature flows over a surface that is at
a different temperature, as shown in Fig.(6.6), So if we Note2- Prandtl numbers of gases are about 1, which
consider the flow of a fluid at a uniform temperature indicates that both momentum and heat dissipate
of T∞ over an isothermal flat plate at temperature Ts. through the fluid at about the same rate.
The fluid particles in the layer adjacent to the surface
Note3- Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr
will reach thermal equilibrium with the plate and
<< 1) and very slowly in oils (Pr >> 1) relative to
assume the surface temperature Ts. These fluid
momentum. Consequently the thermal boundary
particles will then exchange energy with the particles
layer is much thicker for liquid metals and much
in the adjoining-fluid layer, and so on. As a result, a
thinner for oils relative to the velocity boundary layer
temperature profile will develop in the flow field that
ranges from Ts at the surface to T∞ sufficiently far
from the surface. The flow region over the surface
in Which the temperature variation in the direction
normal to the surface is significant is the thermal
boundary layer. The thickness of the thermal
boundary layer δt at any location along the surface is
defined as the distance from the surface at which the
temperature difference (T - Ts) equals 0.99(T∞ - Ts).
Note that for the special case of Ts = 0, we have T =
0.99T∞ at the outer edge of the thermal boundary
layer, which is analogous to u = 0.99u∞ for the
velocity boundary layer.

Forced Convection
-External Forced Convection
--Parallel Flow over Flat Plates
- Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a flat plate
of length L in the flow direction, as shown in Fig.(6.7).
The x-coordinate is measured along the plate surface
from the leading edge in the direction of the flow. The
fluid approaches the plate in the x-direction with
uniform upstream velocity V∞ and temperature T∞.
The flow in the velocity boundary layer starts out as
laminar, but if the plate is sufficiently long, the flow

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will become turbulent at a distance xcr from the conductivity of magnesia k = 0.0745 W/m-K, unit
leading edge where the Reynolds number reaches its convective coefficient of room air, ho = 12 W/m 2-K.
critical value for transition.

Reynolds Number for Flow over Flat Plate

- The transition from laminar to turbulent flow
depends on the surface geometry, surface roughness,
upstream velocity, surface temperature, and the type
of fluid, among other things, and is best characterized
by the Reynolds number. The Reynolds number at a
distance x from the leading edge of a flat plate is
expressed as;

- The transition from laminar to turbulent is usually

taken to occur at the critical Reynolds number of;

Note- The value of the Reynolds number varies for a

flat plate along the flow, reaching ReL =V∞ L /v at the
end of the plate.

Sample Problems:

1) A steam pipe carrying steam at 380 kPa pressure

for a distance of 120 m in a chemical plant is not
insulated. Estimate the saving in steam cost that
would be made per year if this 8 cm steam line were
covered with 85% Magnesia pipe covering 5 cm thick.
Take room temperature to be 25 deg C, the cost of
the steam is 65 cents per 1000 kg. Thermal

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PROFESSOR: SANDRA ABANCIO DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2022

If the mass velocity for water at 80oF flowing through

a 1 in. diameter tube is 30,000 slug/hr-ft 2. What is the
Reynolds number? Take a viscosity value of 0.0648
slug/ft-hr.

Water is flowing in a pipe with radius of 25.4 cm at a

velocity of 5 m/s at the temperature in the pipe. The
density and viscosity of the water are as follows:
density = 997.9 kg/m3 and viscosity = 1.131 Pa-s. What
is the Reynolds number for this situation?

Calculate the Reynolds number for water at 80 o F

flowing through a tube 2 in. in diameter, if the
average water velocity and specific weight is 10 ft/s
and 62.4 lb/ft3 respectively. Use a value of the
viscosity as 0.0648 slug/ft-hr.

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