Lab Manual Heat Transfer Lab

Islamic University ‫الجامعة اإلسالمية‬
Faculty of Engineering
Department of
‫كليه الهندسة‬
Mechanical Engineering ‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‬
Heat Transfer LAB
Room number: 2105
Timing: Sunday to Thursday 8:00 to 16:00
Lab Tutor
Engr. Yasir Abdelhafiz Ali Elnaiem
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Table of Contents
Presentation of the Lab ........................................................................................................4
Equipment List .....................................................................................................................4
General Safety Regulations..................................................................................................5
Courses Related to the Lab ..................................................................................................5
Course Information and Description ....................................................................................5
Grading Table ....................................................................................................................11
List of Lab Experiments.......................................................................................................6
Experiment 1 ........................................................................................................................7
Experiment 2 ......................................................................................................................14
Experiment 3 ......................................................................................................................31
Experiment 4 ......................................................................................................................39
Experiment 5 ......................................................................................................................46
Experiment 6 ......................................................................................................................55
Experiment 7 ......................................................................................................................64
Experiment 8 ......................................................................................................................79
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Presentation of the Lab
Heat Transfer Lab offers a wide range set of experiments for students to undertake
experiments on heat transfer by conduction (linear and radial), heat transfer by convection
(free and force), heat transfer by radiation, familiarization of the different types of Heat
Exchangers, Evaporative cooling and how radiators are working etc. The lab has a capacity
of 15 students and is accessible to students from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm. The Heat Transfer lab
is in excellent condition, and the adequacy for instruction is good.
Equipment List
Details about the equipment list are provided in table below.
Table: Heat Transfer Laboratory, equipment list
Date
Items Quantity Applicable Courses
Implemented
Heat Transfer,
Heat Conduction in Solids (GUNT) 1 Spring 2018
ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Radial and Linear Heat Conduction (GUNT) Spring 2018
ME346
Fundamentals of Temperature Measurement 1 Heat Transfer,
Spring 2018
(GUNT) ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Heat Transfer by Convection (GUNT) Spring 2018
ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Thermal Radiation Unit (GUNT) Spring 2018
ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Heat Exchanger Supply Unit (GUNT) Spring 2018
ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Water Chiller Unit (GUNT) Spring 2018
ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Heat Transfer Bench (GUNT) Spring 2018
ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Spring 2018
Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger (GUNT) ME346
1 Heat Transfer,
Mixed Flow Heat Exchanger (GUNT) Spring 2018
ME346
Turbular Forced Convection Heat 1 Heat Transfer,
Spring 2018
Exchanger(GUNT) ME346
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General Safety Regulations
1. It should be the utmost priority of all concerned to take appropriate and necessary measures
to maintain standard HEALTH and SAFETY rules in the fluid mechanics laboratory.
2. Make sure that all equipment is in proper working condition before using them for
experiments.
3. Students are allowed to use only the equipment provided in the experiment manual.
4. Power supply terminals connected to any experiment are only energized with the presence
of the Instructor or Lab. Staff.
5. Students should keep a safety distance from all the equipment or any moving parts during
the experiment.
6. Avoid any part of your body to be connected to the energized circuit and ground.
7. Switch OFF the equipment and disconnect the power supplies from the circuit before leaving
the laboratory.
8. Equipment should not be removed, transferred to any location without permission from the
laboratory staff.
9. Perform only those experiments authorized by your lab instructor.
Courses Related to the Lab

Course Name: Heat Transfer, Course Code: ME346
Course Information and Description

In this course, conduction, convection and radiation that constitute the three basic modes of
heat transfer will be covered. Emphasis will be on developing a physical and analytical
understanding of the three modes of heat transfer, as well as their applications. Students will
develop an ability to apply the governing principles and physical intuition to solve single and
multi-mode heat transfer problems. This course also introduces methods for calculating the
rates of heat transfer by these three modes.
Course outcomes (COs) covered in this Laboratory
ME346
CO 2: Analyze engineering problems involving steady-state and transient heat conduction
theoretically and in experimental laboratory settings
CO 3: Analyze engineering problems involving forced convection theoretically and in
experimental laboratory settings
CO 4: Analyze engineering problems involving radiation heat transfer theoretically and in
experimental laboratory settings
CO5: Analyze engineering problems involving several heat transfer mechanisms
simultaneously
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Performance indicators (PIs) Covered in this Laboratory
ME346
[abet_SO_6] an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and
interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions
[abet_PI_6_10] Psychomotor: Complex overt response Setup the heat conduction

apparatus to determine thermal conductivity of various materials; adjust the setting of the
electric heater; observe temperature readings at multiple positions through the length of
the material to determine the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity
[abet_PI_6_11] Psychomotor: Complex overt response Setup the heat convection
apparatus to determine heat convective coefficient for varying flow rates, geometries or
shapes; place the heated object in tunnel and observe the temperature gradient to
calculate the heat convective coefficient
[abet_PI_6_12] Psychomotor: Complex overt response Setup the heat radiation
apparatus to determine the emissivity for different materials; observe the temperature and
radiation intensity for various objects at different positions to calculate the emissivity
[abet_PI_6_13] Psychomotor: Adaptation Observe and practice real engineering
problem solving in an engineering experimental environment coefficient
Lab Performance Table and rubrics development

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Criteria Assessment Breakup Marks Secured Total
Experimental Set-Up 10
Experiment Execution 10
Experiment Set Up /40
Data Collection/Observation 10
Report( Equipment Set-Up) 10
Calculations 15
Experimental
Data Analysis/Discussion 15 /40
Analysis/Interpretation
Conclusion 10
Teamwork Teamwork 10 /10
PPE 3
Machine Safety Check 2

Safety /10
Alertness 2
Precautions/Safety Regulations 3
Total Marks 100 /100
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1 COURSE TITLE: All Labs
2 COURSE OUTCOME: All Relevant COs.
3 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR: All relevant PIs.
4 ABET STUDENT OUTCOME: [abet_SO_6] an ability to develop and conduct appropriate
experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering
judgment to draw conclusions
5 HIGHEST EXPECTATION 1. Experiment Set-up is completed thoroughly as per
STUDENT ACTIVITY instructions/standards neatly and in a well-organized manner,
(SEQUENTIAL WITH ALL
GRADABLE MAJOR STEPS
demonstrating good knowledge of the lab procedure and attention
INDICATED) : to details.
2. Experiment is completed successfully following carefully each
step/stage as demanded by the experiment manual without any
assistance.
3. Exhibited accuracy and an organized mechanism in completion of
data recording/collection. Shown consistency in Symbols, Units,
And Significant figures etc.
RUBRIC DEVELOPMENT
Score Excellent (90-100%) Adequate (75-89%) Minimal (60-75%) Unsatisfactory (0-60%)
25 % Experiment Set-up is Experiment Set-up is Experiment Set-up Experiment Set-up
completed thoroughly as completed. is completed with could not be completed
per instructions/standards some assistance and without direct
neatly and in a well- attention to details involvement of the
organized manner, is missing. instructor.
demonstrating good
knowledge of the lab
procedure and attention to
details.
25 % Experiment is completed Experiment is Experiment is Experiment could not
successfully following completed successfully completed be completed OR
carefully each step/stage with small successfully with Completed following
as demanded by the assistance/revision at many instances of incorrect/skipped
experiment manual some step/stage. assistance from step/stage.
without any assistance. peers/instructor.
25% Exhibited accuracy and Completed data Completed data Incomplete data
an organized mechanism collection. Minor errors collection with lack collection with missing
in completion of data in Symbols, Units, of errors in Symbols,
recording/collection. Significant figures etc. details/inconsistenc Units, Significant
Shown consistency in y and/or inaccuracy figures etc.
Symbols, Units, And (Symbols, Units,
Significant figures etc. Significant figures
etc.)
8
25 % The submitted report The submitted report The submitted The submitted report is
contains Aims/Objective/ contains report contains incomplete in terms of
Experimental Set- Aims/Objective/ Aims/Objective/ Aims/Objective/
Up/Procedure and Data Experimental Set- Experimental Set- Experimental Set-
Tables/Observations Up/Procedure and Data Up/Procedure and Up/Procedure and Data
completely in the Tables/Observations in Data Tables/Observations
prescribed format. the prescribed format Tables/Observation and the prescribed
with minor errors. s with major format is not followed.
deviations from the
prescribed format.
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1 COURSE TITLE: All Labs
2 COURSE OUTCOME: All Relevant COs.
3 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR: All Relevant PIs.
4 ABET STUDENT OUTCOME: [abet_SO_6] an ability to develop and conduct appropriate
experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering
judgment to draw conclusions
5 HIGHEST EXPECTATION 1. Apply fundamental engineering theory to analyze experimental
STUDENT ACTIVITY data; data is complete and relevant. Tables are easy to read and
(SEQUENTIAL WITH ALL
GRADABLE MAJOR STEPS
units are provided. Graphs are labeled and show trends.
INDICATED) : 2. All calculations are correct and sample calculation(s) is/are
shown.
3. Interpret experimental data and write thorough conclusions with
full detail regarding specific engineering skills, verification of
theory and reasons for any deviations.
RUBRIC DEVELOPMENT
Score Excellent (90-100%) Adequate (75-89%) Minimal (60-75%) Unsatisfactory (0-60%)
37.5 % Apply fundamental Apply fundamental Apply fundamental Apply fundamental

engineering theory to engineering theory to engineering theory to engineering theory to
analyze experimental analyze experimental analyze experimental analyze experimental
data; data is complete data; One component data; Two component data; Data is brief and
and relevant. Tables of data incomplete: of data incomplete: missing significant
are easy to read and ___Tables ___Graphs ___Tables ___Graphs pieces of information.
units are provided.
Graphs are labeled and
show trends.
37.5 % All calculations are Calculations are based Calculations are based Calculations not done
correct and sample on correct relations but on correct relations OR are based on
calculation(s) is/are have few errors. but there are many incorrect relations.
shown. Sample calculation(s) errors and/or Shown
is/are shown. sample calculation is
incorrect.
25 % Interpret experimental Interpret experimental Interpret experimental Interpret experimental

data and write data and write data and write data and write
thorough conclusions conclusions with conclusions with inappropriate
with full detail partial detail regarding partial detail regarding conclusions without
regarding specific specific engineering specific engineering necessary detail
engineering skills, skills, verification of skills, verification of regarding specific
verification of theory theory and reasons for theory and reasons for engineering skills,
and reasons for any any deviations. any deviations. verification of theory
deviations. and reasons for any
deviations
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Grading Table
Students’ grades for each lab experiment are assigned according to the grading table given
below:
Performance Parameter Grade Comments

Experimental Analysis/Interpretation /40
Teamwork /10
Safety /10
Total /100
The performance parameters in the grading table are evaluated during the lab session using the
lab evaluation table which is given below. The construction of the EAMU vectors used for
course assessment applies the following scoring in all cases: Excellent (E) is scoring 90 or better
of the total points possible, Adequate (A) is 75 or better, Minimal (M) is 60 or better,
and Unsatisfactory (U) is anything below 60.
Experiment Experimental
Teamwork Safety
No. ID Name Set Up Analysis/Interpretation
(E,A,M,U) (E,A,M,U)
(E,A,M,U) (E,A,M,U)
1
2
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Faculty of Engineering ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Department of ‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‬
Mechanical
Engineering
List of Lab Experiments
Experiment
1. Heat Conduction in Solids
No.1
Experiment
2. Radial and Linear Heat Conduction
No.2
Experiment
3. Heat Transfer by Convection
No.3
Experiment Heat Transfer Bench
4.
No.4 (Determination of Nusselt Number)
Experiment Thermal Radiation Unit
5.
No.5 (Lambert’s Distance and Direction Low)
Experiment Thermal Radiation Unit
6.
No.6 (Stefan-Boltzmann-Law and Transmission Measurements)
Experiment
7. Heat Exchangers with Service Unit
No.7
Experiment Heat Exchangers with Service Unit
8.
No.8 Heated jacket Heat Exchanger
ME 346 – Heat Transfer

EXPERIMENT 1
Heat Conduction in Solids

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LAB REPORT
Submitted To
Mr. Yasir Ali
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2

EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS
(WL374) Heat Conduction in Solids
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1 Measuring Point Switch 11 Thermometer (2x)
2 Master Switch 12 Overflow
3 Voltmeter 13 Regulation Valve for the Flow Rate
4 Ammeter 14 Specimens
5 Adjusting Transformer 15 Heater
6 Heater Switch (ON) 16 Cooler
7 Tank for Constant Water Pressure 17 Dewar Vessel
8 Inlet Valve 18 Clamping Device
9 Electric Heater Connection 19 Plates for Hindering Convection
10 Thermocouple Sockets (4x)
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Theoretical Principles
Thermal conduction is the molecular transport of heat in solid, liquid, and gaseous media
under the influence of a temperature difference
The flow of heat Q .is the same as the quotient of the amount of heat per unit time.
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity is a molecular process that comprises an exchange of kinetic

energy from one molecule to the next.
In the case of metals, thermal conduction takes place, along with molecular oscillations,
also due to electron flows that increase the conductance. In such materials electrons are
not bound in a fixed place, but wander around the lattice structure (like the molecules in a
gas). This is the reason why electrical conductors have significantly higher thermal
conductivity than electrical insulators.
Thermal conduction through a flat wall with multiple layers
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OBJECTIVES
The objective of the experiments is to determine the thermal conductivity (λ)
PROCEDURE
Before an experimental series is recorded, consideration must be given to which

specimens and material combinations are to be investigated.
- Switch on the unit.
- Insert a specimen or pair of materials.
- Set a heater power on the adjustment transformer (5).
- Ensure that the heater power is not too high with the result that the heater is shut down
by the temperature limit.
Once the cooling water flow rate has been set, it only necessary to wait for a steady state
operating condition to be established. It then possible to start taking measurements.
OBSERVATIONS
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Specimens:
Specimen 1: Material: Copper
Diameter: 40 mm
Length: 65 mm
Specimen 2: Material: Copper

Diameter: 40 mm
Length: 30 mm
Specimen 3: Material: Aluminium

Diameter: 40 mm
Length: 30 mm
Specimen 4: Material: St37

Diameter: 40 mm
Length: 30 mm
Specimen 5: Material: 1.4305

Diameter: 40 mm
Length: 65 mm
Specimen 6: Material: 1.4305

Diameter: 40 mm
Length: 30 mm
CALCULATIONS
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Power (P) = Voltage (U) * Current (I)
Heat Rejected by the Cooling Fluid
Where: Cp = 4180 J/Kg.K
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CONCLUSIONS
19
Mechanical
Engineering
EXPERIMENT 2
Radial and Linear Heat Conduction

LAB REPORT
Submitted To
Mr. Yasir Ali
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2
20
(WL372) Radial and Linear Heat Conduction
1 Linear conduction 2 Radial conduction 3 Insert 4 Control and display unit 5 Data
cable
6 Power cable
Linear Conduction
The setup for linear conduction (1) comprises three elements:

– fixed part with heater (1.1)
– Moveable part with cooler (1.4)
– Various inserts
By opening the toggle fastener (1.2) and sliding back the cooler, the insert can be
installed. By this means the heat is transferred linearly from the heater, though an insert,
to the cooler.
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The measuring points are numbered from left to right. The distance between adjacent
measuring points is 10mm.
The diameter of the heater, cooler, insert 1 and insert 2 is 25mm. Insert 3 has a diameter
of 15mm.
If insert 1 is not used in the experiments, the temperatures displayed for measuring points
4, 5, and 6 should be ignored.
Radial Conduction
The radial conduction (2) experimental setup is a sealed unit. It comprises:

– An insulating housing with lid
– A disc (2.2) with heater (2.3) and cooler (2.1)
The heater is fixed from below in the center of the brass disc (2.2). There is copper pipe
(2.1) around the disc through which cooling water can flow.
From above, six temperature measuring points
(2.4) are fitted in a line that stretches radially from the centre to the circumference.
Using this apparatus the heat is transferred radially from the heater to the cooler.
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The measuring points are numbered from the centre outwards. The distance between
adjacent measuring points is 10mm.
The diameter of the disc is 110mm; it is 4mm thick.
The heater is in the centre of the disk on the underside and has a diameter of 12mm. The
temperatures for measuring points 7, 8 and 9 should be ignored during the experiments.
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Thermal conduction is the molecular transport of heat in solid, liquid, and gaseous media
under the influence of a temperature difference
The flow of heat Q .is the same as the quotient of the amount of heat per unit time.
Thermal conductivity is a molecular process that comprises an exchange of kinetic

energy from one molecule to the next.
In the case of metals, thermal conduction takes place, along with molecular oscillations,
also due to electron flows that increase the conductance. In such materials electrons are
not bound in a fixed place, but wander around the lattice structure (like the molecules in a
gas). This is the reason why electrical conductors have significantly higher thermal
conductivity than electrical insulators.
Thermal conduction through a flat wall with multiple layers
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Radial Conduction
Radial conduction corresponds to the conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.

Whilst for a wall the cross-sectional area of the heat flow remains constant, the area
through which the heat flows changes in the case of radial heat transfer,
A = f (r).
However, the flow of heat remains constant, and at any point on the cylinder one obtains:
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OBJECTIVES
1 Plotting a temperature curve of the linear conduction and determination of the thermal
conductivity coefficient.
2 Plotting a temperature curve of the radial conduction and determination of the thermal
conductivity coefficient.
PROCEDURE
Linear Conduction
Set up the unit, install insert 1 and adjust the cooling water flow rate (only a very low
cooling water flow rate of approx. 1L/h is required to dissipate a heater power of approx.
90 Watts at a temperature difference of 90K).
– Switch on the unit and adjust the desired temperature drop via the power setting on the
control and display unit.
– When the thermal conduction process has reached a steady state condition, i.e. the
temperatures at the individual measuring points are stable and no longer changing, note
the
Measurement results at the individual measuring points and the electrical power supplied
to the heater.
Radial Conduction
– Set up the unit and adjust the cooling water flow rate (a cooling water flow rate of
approx. 1L/h is required to dissipate a heater power of approx. 90 Watts at a temperature
difference of approx. 90K).
– Connect up the power and data cables appropriately.
– Switch on the unit and adjust the desired temperature drop via the power setting on the
control and display unit.
– When the thermal conduction process has reached a steady state condition, i.e. the
temperatures at the individual measuring points are stable and no longer changing, note
the measurement results at the individual measuring points and the electrical power
supplied to the heater.
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OBSERVATIONS
Linear Conduction with Insert 1
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Radial Conduction
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CALCULATIONS
Power (P) = Voltage (U) * Current (I)
Heat Rejected by the Cooling Fluid
Where: Cp = 4180 J/Kg.K
Insert1
Material Brass CuZn39Pb3
Diameter 25 mm
Length 30 mm
Insert 2
Material Stainless steel X8CrNiS18-9
Diameter 25 mm
Length 30mm
Insert 3
Material Brass CuZn39Pb3
Diameter 15 mm
Length 30 mm
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CONCLUSIONS
36
Mechanical
Engineering
EXPERIMENT 3
Heat Transfer by Convection

LAB REPORT
Submitted To
Mr. Yasir Ali
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2
37
(WL352) Heat Transfer by Convection
Air duct (4) with a flow cross-section of 120mm x 120mm and with a length of 1m
Heat transfer by convection

Convection is a heat transfer mechanism, during which a fluid absorbs heat. When in
contact with a surface with a different temperature this occurs by heat conduction. The
fluid can also absorb heat via radiation. This requires the radiation to be absorbed. The
fact that the fluid does not have a fixed form compared to the solid body, the fluid
particles can move freely, which means they can transport heat. Where such transport
takes place, it is called convection.
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OBJECTIVES
Flow velocity in forced convection

– To identify the influence of velocity on the heater insert
– To identify the influence of velocity on heat transfer
PROCEDURE
Preparation for the experiment
The experiments are conducted in the following sequence:
1. Turn on device (and PC).

2. Install the experiment's heater in the shaft.
3. Adjust fan to the flow velocity.
4. Set the power of the heater.
5. Observe the measured values over time. When the maximum temperature is reached
(heater turns off), throttle the heating power a bit.
6. If the steady-state operating point is reached, the values for the experiment are saved
and/or entered into the documentation templates.
7. Turn off device (and PC).
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OBSERVATIONS
Measured Values
Type of experiment: Influence of flow velocity
Type of convection: forced convection
Heating element: fin heater
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CALCULATIONS
Heat transfer coefficient
Nusselt number
The Nusselt number is a measure of the heat transfer in convection.
It is the ratio of convective heat transfer to heat conduction in motionless fluid. The
Nusselt number is thus the improvement of heat transfer in convection compared to the
heat transfer, which 'only' takes place by the heat conduction of the fluid.
Reynolds number
The Reynolds number represents the ratio of the inertia force to the viscosity force of a
fluid
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42
Physical properties of air
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CONCLUSIONS
44
Mechanical
Engineering
EXPERIMENT 4
Heat Transfer Bench

(Determination of Nusselt Number)
LAB REPORT
Submitted To Mr. Yasir Ali
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2
45
(WL314) Heat Transfer Bench
1 Pressure measuring point for determining the flow velocity. 9 Adjustable flap
2 Air duct with flow nozzle (150*150) 10 Fan

3 Window 11 Trolley with castors
4 WL 314.03 Tubular Forced Convection 12 Digital manometer
Heat Exchanger (optional)
5 Pitot tube 13 Heating register (receptacles for heater
element)
6 Switch cabinet 14 Heater element
7 Measuring point for thermocouple 15 Measuring points for the
determination
Of the Pressure loss. Or pstat for Pitot
tube
8 Receptacle for heater element
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Heat transfer by convection

Convection is a heat transfer mechanism, during which a fluid absorbs heat. When in
contact with a surface with a different temperature this occurs by heat conduction. The
fluid can also absorb heat via radiation. This requires the radiation to be absorbed. The
fact that the fluid does not have a fixed form compared to the solid body, the fluid
particles can move freely, which means they can transport heat. Where such transport
takes place, it is called convection.
OBJECTIVES
Determination of heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number with measured values
of a transverse flow to the cylinder.
PROCEDURE
The bench is set up and the individual heater (diameter 10mm) is inserted in the duct
above the fan. The temperature of the air is measured at bottom of the duct below the fan.
It is assumed that the temperature of the air is only changed slightly by the fan.
First the fan is switched on, then the power for the heater is set on the control and display
unit. Once the heater is switched on, the temperature at the heater will increase. The
measurement can be started when the temperature no longer changes.
OBSERVATIONS
An example measured result for a single heater can be found in the following table.
Pressure at the flow nozzle Pa

(Delta P)
Air Temperature t air C
Atmospheric Pressure Patm mbar
Heater Surface C
Temperature t heat
Electrical Heater Power Pel W
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CALCULATIONS
In the steady-state, all the electrical power supplied is dissipated to the air by convection.
(Pel, Q.)
The Heater surface area: (d = 10 mm, L= 130mm)
The mean coefficient of heat transfer can be determined
The value for the coefficient of heat transfer determined experimentally is compared with
the calculated value. (Theoretically)
First the flow velocity must be determined
The density of the air is taken from the table as 1.210 kg/m3
First it must be determined whether the flow is in the laminar or turbulent area.
For this purpose the Reynolds’ number is calculated:
48
49
Compare the Experimental and Theoretical Value for Nusselt Number
50
CONCLUSIONS
51
Mechanical
Engineering

EXPERIMENT 5
Thermal Radiation Unit
(Lambert’s Distance and Direction Low)
LAB REPORT
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2
52
(WL 360/362) Thermal Radiation Unit
1 Heat source
2 Thermopile for measuring the radiation, on rotating mounting
3 Luxmeter for measuring the luminous intensity, on rotating mounting
4 Absorption plates with temperature measurement points
5 Colour filters (red, green, infrared) and an aperture (not shown) with clamping mount
6 Swivelling light source
7 Measuring amplifier with connection cable
8 Frame for the components
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Frequency Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation
The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves is known as thermal radiation. The related
laws are fundamentally different to those for thermal conduction and the thermal
convection (Convection).
The waves involved in the radiation can be of varying frequency. Thermal radiation
normally lies in the frequency range = 0.8...400μm, visible light is at = 0.35...0.75μm
(Fig. 4.1).
The experiments describe the most important physical laws on thermal and optical
radiation.
1 Lambert‘s Distance Law
This law states that the irradiance ( ≙ illuminance) of the radiation emitted by a point
source decreases with the square of the distance:
With
EM irradiance at the measuring point
EH irradiance of the source
L Distance of the measuring point from the point source in m.
2 Lambert‘s Direction Law (Cosine Law)

The radiant intensity I of the radiation emitted by a flat source is the same from any
direction. However the irradiance E drops with the cosine of the angle φ:
The total irradiance is found by integrating over the hemisphere
54
OBJECTIVES
Lambert’s Distance Law
The Distance Law states that the irradiance (≙ illuminance) of the radiation emitted by a
point source decreases with the square of the distance.
In this experiment it is intended to demonstrate this inverse square law relationship with
the heat source.
Lambert’s Direction Law (Cosine Law)

The irradiance E of the radiation emitted by a flat source drops with the cosine of the
Angle.
In this experiment the Cosine Law will be checked.
PROCEDURE

• Mount the thermopile at a separation of
L = 800mm from the heat source, connect to the measuring amplifier
(’Strahlung/Radiation’ connector). Remove all other fittings in between.
• Connect up the heat source (’Last/Load’ connector and’ Temperature 1’ connector).
Switch on the measuring amplifier, the offset should be very low (background radiation).
• Switch on the heat source.
• Set the power regulator on the measuring amplifier to approx. 50 and wait until a
constant temperature has been reached.
• Take the series of measurements by reducing the separation L in reasonable steps, and
measuring the irradiance E and reading off the separation L.
55
The experiment for checking the Cosine Law should be performed in conditions as dark
as possible:
• Mount the luxmeter at a separation of
L = 400mm from the light source; connect to the measuring amplifier
(’Beleuchtungsstärke/
Density of Light’ connector). Remove all other fittings in between.
• Mount the light source in position = 0°, connect (’Last/Load’ connector)
• Remove the black apertured plate from luxmeter and mount the matt plate.
• Press button A.
The measured offset is recorded.
• Switch on the light source.
• Turn the power regulator to full.
• Press button B.
The current measured luminous intensity, less the previously recorded offset, is recorded.
This is done only once at the beginning of a measurement series.
• Take a measurement for = 0° as follows:
– Enter „0“ in field C.
– Read the illuminance E and note the value or press button D to record a measurement.
• Take the series of measurements, e.g. in steps of 10°. For each measurement:
– Increase the angle of incidence and enter the value in field C.
– Note the offset displayed or press button A.
– Read the illuminance E and note the value or press button D to record a measurement.
56
OBSERVATIONS
• Switch on the measuring amplifier, the offset should be very low (background
radiation).
Separation from Radiating Measured Values Irradiance Standard Values Irradiance

Source L in mm E in W/m2 E in W/m2
100 1224
150 1228
200 1082
250 892
300 713
350 572
400 470
450 387
500 329
550 275
600 235
650 203
700 178
750 155
800 137
57
Since the results are to evaluated with respect to the cosine function, the measured values
are normalized and marked on a circle with diameter 1
(Fig. 5.8, Page 40). The variations of the normalized measured values to the nominal
curve (vertical separation of the measured points from the unit circle) are small. Thus the
validity of the Direction Law is confirmed in this experiment.
Angle of Offset Illuminance E Illuminance E Normalised

Incidence in Lux in Lux (- Offset) Value E
on the (Unit of 1)
Luxmeter
referred to the
Axis of the
Light
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
CALCULATIONS
A straight line on log-log diagram means a relationship of the form
Where a is the slope of the line:
The slope should be (2)

Use Autocad software to draw the following curve (Normalized Illuminance around the Unit
Circle)
58
59
CONCLUSIONS
60
Mechanical
Engineering

EXPERIMENT 6
Thermal Radiation Unit
(Stefan-Boltzmann-Law and Transmission Measurements)
LAB REPORT
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2
61
(WL 360/362) Thermal Radiation Unit
1 Heat source
2 Thermopile for measuring the radiation, on rotating mounting
3 Luxmeter for measuring the luminous intensity, on rotating mounting
4 Absorption plates with temperature measurement points
5 Colour filters (red, green, infrared) and an aperture (not shown) with clamping mount
6 Swivelling light source
7 Measuring amplifier with connection cable
8 Frame for the components
62
Frequency Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation
The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves is known as thermal radiation. The related
laws are fundamentally different to those for thermal conduction and the thermal
convection (Convection).
The waves involved in the radiation can be of varying frequency. Thermal radiation
normally lies in the frequency range = 0.8...400μm, visible light is at = 0.35...0.75μm
(Fig. 4.1).
The experiments describe the most important physical laws on thermal and optical
radiation.
1 Stefan-Boltzmann-Law
The total irradiance Es a blackbody radiator is proportional to the fourth power of the
absolute temperature T (in Kelvin):
σ is a physical constant known as the "Stefan- Boltzmann Constant". The law is mostly
used in the "easier to handle" form:
With the radiation constant of the blackbody
2 Transmission Measurements
Transmission is a measure of the capacity of a medium to allow waves to pass through it,
such as electromagnetic waves (e.g. light). When a wave impacts on a medium,
depending on the material properties of the obstacle, it is partially reflected
on the barrier surfaces and wholly or partially absorbed as it passes through.
The transmission coefficient is defined as the quotient between the wave intensity ϕ0 in
front of the obstacle and the intensity ϕ behind it:
The transmission coefficient is thus a measure of "transmitted" intensity, and assumes

values between 0 and 1.
OBJECTIVES
Stefan Boltzmann’s Law
The total radiation ES of a blackbody radiator is proportional to the fourth power of the
absolute temperature T (in Kelvin).
The law is verified in this experiment with the heat source by demonstrating the
dependency of the measured radiation on the fourth power of the temperature of the heat
source.
63
Transmission Measurements
The colour filters (green, red, infrared) are intended for experiments with the light
source, in order to determine the transmission of visible light by specific colours
(=various transmission coefficients).
PROCEDURE

• Mount the thermopile at a separation of L = 130mm from the heat source, connect to the
measuring amplifier (’Strahlung/Radiation’ connector). Remove all other fittings in
between.
• Connect up the heat source (’Last/Load’ connector and ’ Temperature 1’connector).
• Switch on the measuring amplifier, note the offset displayed (background radiation).
• Set the power regulator on the measuring amplifier to 70. The temperature climbs
Slowly.
• Take the series of measurements by noting the temperature and the irradiance indicated
every 10K.
The experiment for investigation of the coefficients of transmission should be performed
in conditions as dark as possible:
• Mount the luxmeter at a separation of L = 350mm from the light source; connect to the
measuring amplifier (Density of Light’ connector).
Remove all other fittings in between.
• Mount the clamping mount at half of the distance between light source and luxmeter.
• Mount the light source in position = 0°, connect (’Last/Load’ connector)
• Remove matt plate from luxmeter and mount the black apertured plate
• Switch on the measuring amplifier.

• Switch on the light source.
• Turn the power regulator to full.
64
• Measure and record values (for luminous intensity) with various filters and with no
filters respectively. Do this at various settings of the power controller (which performs a
kind of dimming function here).
OBSERVATIONS
• Switch on the measuring amplifier, the offset should be very low (background
radiation).
Temperature T Displayed Measured Values Irradiance Standard Values Irradiance

in °C E in W/m2 E in W/m2
20 3
30 28
40 58
50 115
60 170
70 237
80 310
90 388
100 471
110 569
120 697
130 782
140 897
150 1009
65
Since the results are to evaluated with respect to the cosine function, the measured values
are normalized and marked on a circle with diameter 1
(Fig. 5.8, Page 40). The variations of the normalized measured values to the nominal
curve (vertical separation of the measured points from the unit circle) are small. Thus the
validity of the Direction Law is confirmed in this experiment.
Filter Lux % Lux % Lux % Lux % Lux %

without 600 100 500 100 400 100 300 100 200 100
Green
Red
İnfrared
66
CALCULATIONS
Stefan-Boltzmann’s law is confirmed by plotting the measured values on log-log diagram

in a similar manner to that given in (Fig. 5.11, Page 45) and determining the slope. The
thermopile is measuring only the radiation of the heat source
EH, but for the equation there must be used the total radiation ES, including the ambient
radiation Eamb :
67
The light source emits electromagnetic radiation as light not only in the visible area but
also in the infrared spectrum. This range of invisible light must be subtracted from the
measured luminous intensities of the colour filters, since the luxmeter also measures this
range.
This is identifiable by the transmission coefficient of the light of the infrared filter.
This value must be subtracted from the other results of the red and green filter.
68
CONCLUSIONS
69
Mechanical
Engineering

EXPERIMENT 7
Heat Exchangers with Service Unit

LAB REPORT
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2
70
WL 110-SERIES Heat Exchanger with Service Unit
The heat exchangers are supplied with the required flow rates of cold water and
hot water by the WL 110 Service Unit (referred to below as the service unit for
short).
The service unit can be combined with the following heat exchangers:
• WL 110.01 Tubular Heat Exchanger

• WL 110.02 Plate Heat Exchanger
• WL 110.03 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
• WL 110.04 Jacketed Vessel with Stirrer and Coil
71
72
We differentiate between direct heat transfer and indirect heat transfer.
An example of direct heat transfer is introducing hot steam into water to rapidly heat the
water stored in a tank. The hot steam condenses in the liquid water and gives up its
condensation heat to the content of the tank.
Direct heat transfer can only be used if the heat carrier introduced does not interfere with
the composition and concentration of the tank filling.
In indirect heat transfer the heat is transferred from one fluid to another through a
partition in a heat exchanger.
The fluid flows on the two sides of the partition do not mix.
In terms of the flow directions of the fluids on both sides of the partition, we differentiate
between parallel flows, counter flow and cross flow. In other words, the fluids either flow
in the same direction, in opposing directions or perpendicular
to one another.
73
74
OBJECTIVES
1. Comparison of parallel flow and counter flow operation. Heat transmission and
representation of temperature curves.
2. Investigation of heat transmission when changing the cold water and hot water flow
rates.
3. Investigation of heat transmission when changing the hot water temperature.
4. Comparison of heat transmission for the different heat exchanger types.
PROCEDURE
75
76
77
78
OBSERVATIONS
WL 110.02 Plate Heat Exchanger

Experiment aim 1,
Comparison of parallel flow and counter flow operation. Heat transmission
and representation of temperature curves.
Experiments
V7-02 (parallel flow) and V8-02 (counter flow) are included.
WL 110.01 Tubular Heat Exchanger

Experiment aim 2,
Investigation of heat transmission when changing the cold water and hot
water flow rates.
The experiments V1-01, V2-01 and V3-01 are analyzed.
WL 110.01 Tubular Heat Exchanger
Experiment aim 3,
Investigation of heat transmission when changing the hot water
temperature
The experiments V4-01, V5-01 and V6-01 are analyzed.
Experiment aim 4,
Comparison of heat transmission for the different heat exchanger types.
79
• Hot water feed temperature T1
• Hot water return temperature T3
• Cold water feed temperature T4
• Cold water return temperature T6
• Mean coefficient of heat transfer km
• Mean heat flow Q m·
Standards Values
80
CALCULATIONS
Heat transfer from fluid-partition
Thermal Conduction in the Partition
Here is the λ thermal conductivity of the partition material and s is the wall thickness
of the partition.
Heat Transmission
Because the three heat flows are of equal magnitude in a steady state:
or, summarised at the mean coefficient of heat transfer km of the heat

exchanger:
For Tubular HE
81
82
For counter flow
83
CONCLUSIONS
84
Mechanical
Engineering
EXPERIMENT 8
Heat Exchangers with Service Unit

Heated jacket Heat Exchanger
LAB REPORT
Submitted By
Name:
Student ID:
Calculations 15
Experimental
Conclusion 10
PPE 3

Safety /10
Alertness 2
85
WL 110-SERIES Heat Exchanger with Service Unit
The heat exchangers are supplied with the required flow rates of cold water and
hot water by the WL 110 Service Unit (referred to below as the service unit for
short).
The service unit can be combined with the following heat exchangers:
• WL 110.01 Tubular Heat Exchanger

• WL 110.02 Plate Heat Exchanger
• WL 110.03 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
• WL 110.04 Jacketed Vessel with Stirrer and Coil
86
We differentiate between direct heat transfer and indirect heat transfer.
An example of direct heat transfer is introducing hot steam into water to rapidly heat the
water stored in a tank. The hot steam condenses in the liquid water and gives up its
condensation heat to the content of the tank.
Direct heat transfer can only be used if the heat carrier introduced does not interfere with
the composition and concentration of the tank filling.
In indirect heat transfer the heat is transferred from one fluid to another through a
partition in a heat exchanger.
The fluid flows on the two sides of the partition do not mix.
87
In terms of the flow directions of the fluids on both sides of the partition, we differentiate
between parallel flows, counter flow and cross flow. In other words, the fluids either flow
in the same direction, in opposing directions or perpendicular
To one another.
88
The experiment is performed as described in a), i.e. a defined volume of cold water inside
the tank is heated by the hot water flowing through the heating jacket in batch mode.
The volume of cold water should:
• fill the tank well, so that a large proportion of the heating jacket area is covered.
• Such that no water spills over during the experiment when stirring.
This defined volume of cold water can be adjusted by filling the tank using the cold water
feed on the service unit.
It is useful to measure the water into the beaker in advance. This results in greater
accuracy and reproducibility for repeat experiments.
A good fill is obtained with 1200g of water. The flow breakers (see also Fig. 3.35, Page
36) are then completely covered.
The other general conditions are selected to quickly achieve significant heating:
• Hot water set point SP (T7) =70°C.
• Hot water flow rate = 2,1ltr/min.
• Operate the stirrer at maximum speed.
OBJECTIVES
Recording the measured value time response.

PROCEDURE
89
1. Observe the safety instructions
2. Secure the WL 110.04 Jacketed Vessel with Stirrer and Coil on the base plate of the
service unit onwards and connect
3. Set the main switch
4. Check the water level in the hot water tank (B).
– If the hot water tank (B) is empty: Add water until the low level is reached (level switch
LSL1 trips and the low water warning lamp goes out. Then add 0,5ltr of water with a
beaker.
– If the hot water tank (B) is filled but with an unknown volume above the low level:
Partially drain the hot water tank (B) (see until the low level is reached (level switch
LSL1 trips and the low water warning lamp lights up). Then add 0,5ltr of water with a
beaker.
5. Start the PC. Start the data acquisition program.
6. Fully open the regulator valve for hot water V1 (9).
7. Start the pump (P).
8. Set the desired hot water set point SP (T7) on the TIC7 controller (28)
9. Turn on the heater (H).
10. Measure 1200g of cold water into a separate beaker.
11. Wait until the hot water temperature T7 has reached the set point SP (T7).
12. Set the desired hot water flow rate using the regulator valve V1 (9).
13. Make settings for the measured value file. Start automatic measured value recording.
14. Add the content of the beaker to the WL 110.04
15. Start the stirrer. Set the maximum speed.
16. Wait until the temperature T5 of the water in the WL 110.04 has approximately
reached the hot water temperature.
17. Save a screenshot for the time response of the measured values in a file.
Give the file a name that will allow you to identify the values in the measured value file
later.
18. When the experiment is complete, first turn off the heater (H).
90
19. Then stop the pump (P).
20. Close the regulator valve V1 (9).
21. Stop the stirrer.
22. Stop recording and save the measured value file.
23. Set the main switch.
OBSERVATIONS
• Hot water feed temperature T1

• Hot water return temperature T3
• Cold water feed temperature T4
• Cold water return temperature T6
• Mean coefficient of heat transfer km
• Mean heat flow Q m·
CALCULATIONS
Draw the Measured value time response for WL 110.04, batch mode, with heating jacket
91
CONCLUSIONS
92

Lab Manual Heat Transfer Lab

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Islamic University ‫الجامعة اإلسالمية‬

Heat Transfer LAB

Room number: 2105

Timing: Sunday to Thursday 8:00 to 16:00

Table: Heat Transfer Laboratory, equipment list

Courses Related to the Lab

Course Information and Description

[abet_PI_6_10] Psychomotor: Complex overt response Setup the heat conduction

Lab Performance Table and rubrics development

Report( Equipment Set-Up) 10

Teamwork Teamwork 10 /10

Machine Safety Check 2

Total Marks 100 /100

37.5 % Apply fundamental Apply fundamental Apply fundamental Apply fundamental

25 % Interpret experimental Interpret experimental Interpret experimental Interpret experimental

Performance Parameter Grade Comments

ME 346 – Heat Transfer

Heat Conduction in Solids

Criteria Assessment Breakup Marks Secured Total

Report( Equipment Set-Up) 10

Teamwork Teamwork 10 /10

Machine Safety Check 2

Total Marks 100 /100

Thermal conductivity is a molecular process that comprises an exchange of kinetic

Thermal conduction through a flat wall with multiple layers

The objective of the experiments is to determine the thermal conductivity (λ)

Before an experimental series is recorded, consideration must be given to which

Specimen 2: Material: Copper

Specimen 3: Material: Aluminium

Specimen 4: Material: St37

Specimen 5: Material: 1.4305

Specimen 6: Material: 1.4305

Heat Rejected by the Cooling Fluid

Where: Cp = 4180 J/Kg.K

Radial and Linear Heat Conduction

Criteria Assessment Breakup Marks Secured Total

Report( Equipment Set-Up) 10

Teamwork Teamwork 10 /10

Machine Safety Check 2

Total Marks 100 /100

(WL372) Radial and Linear Heat Conduction

The setup for linear conduction (1) comprises three elements:

The radial conduction (2) experimental setup is a sealed unit. It comprises:

Thermal conductivity is a molecular process that comprises an exchange of kinetic

Thermal conduction through a flat wall with multiple layers

Radial conduction corresponds to the conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.

Linear Conduction with Insert 1

Power (P) = Voltage (U) * Current (I)

Heat Rejected by the Cooling Fluid

Where: Cp = 4180 J/Kg.K

Heat Transfer by Convection

Criteria Assessment Breakup Marks Secured Total

Report( Equipment Set-Up) 10

Teamwork Teamwork 10 /10

Machine Safety Check 2

Total Marks 100 /100

(WL352) Heat Transfer by Convection

Heat transfer by convection

Flow velocity in forced convection

Preparation for the experiment

The experiments are conducted in the following sequence:

1. Turn on device (and PC).

Heat transfer coefficient

Heat Transfer Bench