PROCEDURE RESULTS EXPLANATION CONCLUSION

A. TEST FOR CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

Mix thoroughly in a mortar and
pestle 0.5 gm of sugar and 1.0 gm
of cupric oxide. Transfer the
mixture to a big, dry hard glass test
tube. Clamp to an iron stand in an
almost horizontal position. Cover Carbon and hydrogen are detected
By conducting this experiment, we
the test tube with a stopper to by heating the organic compound
were able to detect different gases
which is attached a bent glass with cupric oxide (CuO) strongly,
that are involve in the reaction of
tube, its end dipping into a small where carbon is oxidized to carbon
organic compounds. Moreover, we
test tube containing 10 mL of clear dioxide and hydrogen to water.
gained knowledge on the products
limewater. HAVE YOUR SET-UP Carbon dioxide is tested by lime
created by the different reactions
CHECKED BY YOUR water test, whereas water is tested
(Set-up for the detection of that are involve in this experiment.
INSTRUCTOR. Heat the mixture by anhydrous copper sulphate test.
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
gently at first then strongly.
Observe what forms in the
limewater. Then remove first the
delivery tub from the limewater
before removing the burner.
Result with limewater: The white precipitate is due to the
presence of carbon gas in the
What gas causes this? reaction. Lime water turns milky as
A milky white precipitate was the Calcium hydroxide reacts with
produced during the reaction. carbon dioxide to form Calcium
Carbonate which is insoluble in
water and thus forms a milky white
(Milky white precipitate) precipitate.
Observe what collects on the The products of the reaction are
cooler end near the mouth of the passed over (white) anhydrous
test tube. The collected substance is blue copper sulfate and then bubbled
due to the formation of through lime water. If copper
What is it? CuSO4.5H2O (by water vapor) then sulfate turns blue due to the
the compound contains hydrogen. formation of CuSO4.5H2O (by
water vapor) then the compound
(A blue substance was collected) contains hydrogen.
Write a balanced equation for the The reactants in Reaction A are
reaction between: C12H22O11 and CuO while the
products are CO2, H2O and Cu. When substances undergo
a) Cane sugar and cupric C12H22O11 + 24CuO 12CO2 + reactions, there are always
oxide 11H2O + 24Cu products. The reactions involve are
decomposition (Reaction A) and
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O The reactants in Reactant B are double displacement (Reaction B),
b) Limewater + the gas Ca(OH)2 and CO2 while the respectively.
produced in (a) products are CaCO3 and H2O.
 PROCEDURE RESULTS EXPLANATION CONCLUSION
B. TEST FOR NITROGEN
Mix in a mortar and pestle 0.5 gm
of urea and 1 gm of soda lime. Put
the mixture in a dry test tube and
heat. While heating, place a piece
of moistened red litmus paper at
the mouth of the tube.

The presence of ammonia

(mixing urea and soda lime)
The reaction produced a horrid
indicates the presence of nitrogen.
smell. It stinks because of the
Ammonia is a weak base. Hence,
presence of ammonia. When the
the red litmus paper turned into
moist red litmus paper was put
blue because of the presence of
inside, it turned into blue.
ammonia in the substance tested.

(Heating the mixture of urea and

soda lime) : : left
(A red litmus paper is placed inside
the test tube) : : right
Through the soda lime test, we
were able to detect nitrogen gas by
CH4N2O + 2NaOH 2NH3 +
Equation: The gas produced is ammonia. the presence of ammonia which
Na2CO3
has a horrid smell and a basic
substance.
 PROCEDURE RESULTS EXPLANATION CONCLUSION
C. TESTS FOR HALOGENS
1. BEILSTEIN TEST The copper wire was introduced to
The copper wire is being heated at fire to form Copper (II) oxide or
Heat a copper wire in the non- the non-luminous flame. cupric oxide. Then it was dipped to
luminous flame until no further the given sample and heated again
color is imparted to the flame. Cool to test if the sample is a halogen. A
the wire and dip in a few mL of positive test is indicated by the
chloroform. Heat the moistened presence of green flame because
wire in the flame. Repeat the test (heating copper wire in the non- of the formation of copper halide.
using iodoform and carbon luminous flame)
tetrachloride.
A. CHLOROFORM

After heating the copper wire, it Since the flame produced turned
was dipped into the chloroform. into green, the sample is halogen
Then, the dipped copper wire was specifically Chlorine (Cl).
introduced to heat and it produced
a green flame.

B. IODOFORM

The same test was also done but The present halogen in the sample
instead of chloroform, we used is Iodine (I).
iodoform. It also produced a green
flame.

2. SILVER NITRATE TEST
Place 0.2 gm of soda lime in a dry
test tube and heat to redness.
Cool a little and add two drops of
chloroform. Heat again, cool a little
and add once more two drops of
chloroform. Allow to cool and add 5
mL of dilute nitric acid. Let it stand
for a few minutes. Pipet off the
clear the liquid and add three
drops of silver nitrate solution.
C. CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE
The same is also conducted but
the compound used is carbon
tetrachloride. Like the others, it
also produced a green flame.
When the silver nitrate was added
to the prepared solution, a white
precipitate was formed and the
color of the solution is white.
(Silver Nitrate Test)
Carbon tetrachloride is an organic
compound which is a halogen
because it became positive in
testing the presence of halogen.
A white precipitate was formed in
the solution because of the
presence of chloride ion in the
solution. The silver nitrate test
indicates the presence of a certain
halogen in a given solution.
 PROCEDURE RESULTS EXPLANATION CONCLUSION
D. TEST FOR SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS
1. Weigh 0.2 gm of egg
albumin, 05 gm of
potassium nitrate and 0.5
gm of sodium carbonate.
Mix the three solids
thoroughly in a mortar and
pestle. Put the mixture in a
crucible and heat strongly (Mixture of egg albumin,
until a gray or white ash is potassium nitrate and sodium
formed. Allow to cool and carbonate)
dissolve in 20 mL of water.
Acidify the solution with
nitric acid. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions.

(Heated mixture of egg albumin,

potassium nitrate and sodium
carbonate)
 (White ash with dilute nitric acid)

(The filtrate is divided into two

portions)

2. To one portion, test for the

If barium chloride solution is added
sulfate ion by adding 1 mL
to a sample of water containing
of barium chloride solution.
A white precipitate was formed in sulfate ions, barium sulfate is
the solution when Barium chloride formed. Barium sulfate is insoluble
was added in the solution. in water, and will be seen as a
white precipitate. By adding barium
chloride, we can test if the solution
contains sulfate ions.
(with Barium chloride)
3. To the other portion, test for A yellow precipitate is formed in When a solution containing
the phosphate ion by the reaction. phosphate ions is heated with a
adding 5 drops of solution of ammonium molybdate
ammonium of molybdate [(NH4)2MoO4] and dilute nitric acid
solution and 5 drops dilute
a bright yellow precipitate of
nitric acid. Warm gently and
ammonium phosphomolybdate
then cool.
[(NH4)3PO4 • 12MoO4] is formed.
The yellow precipitate is extremely
(with Ammonium molybdate and
insoluble in nitric acid.
dilute nitric acid)