Chemistry
1. In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas collected over one
electrode double that of the other electrode?
2. A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate solution, an insoluble white
substance is formed. Write the chemical reaction involved and also mention the type of the
chemical reaction ?
3. The pH of the mouth of a person is lower than 5.5 . What changes will occur in his mouth ? How
these changes can be controlled ? Write any two measures.
4. In nature, aluminium is found in the form of compounds while gold is found in the free state. Give
reason.
5. When a metal X is treated with cold water, it gives a basic salt Y with molecular
formula XOH (molecular mass =40) and liberates a gas Z which easily catches fire.
Identify X,Y and Z.
6. Why calcium floats over water during the reaction with water
7. Write the next homologue of
propanol ( C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 O H) and Butanal ( C H 3
C H 2 C H 2 C H O )
8. Which one is more effective for washing clothes soap or detergents give a reason for your answer?
9. What happens when Ethyl alcohol and Acetic acid react together in the presence of conc. H2SO4?
Write the chemical equation of the reaction.
10. What is hydrogenation?
11. Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or electricity for breaking
down the reactants. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in
the form of heat, light and electricity.
12. Identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the following cases and write the balanced
chemical equation for the reactions:
(a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.
(b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and lead iodide.
13. How is washing soda prepared from sodium carbonate? Give its chemical equation. State the type of
this salt. Name the type of hardness of water which can be removed by it?
14. (a) what does pH scale measure?
(b)what is its range ?
(c)state the significance of highest and lowest values of PH value
15. (a) For the preparation of cakes, baking powder is used. If at home your mother uses baking soda
instead of baking powder, how will it affect the taste of the
cake and why ?
(b) How is baking soda be converted into baking powder ?
(c) What makes the cake soft and spongy
16. How do metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates react with acids? Which gas is evolved when
metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate react with dilute acid? How will you test this gas?
17. What do you observe when you drop a few drops of acetic acid in a test- tube containing.
a) Phenolphthalein .
b) Distilled water
c) Universal indicator
d) Sodium hydrogen carbonate power.
18. Identify the acid and the base from which sodium chloride is obtained. Which type of salt is it? When is
it called rock salt? How is rock salt formed?
19. What kinds of compounds are called ionic compounds?
20. Name the main ore of mercury. How is mercury obtained from its ore? Give a balanced chemical
equation.
21. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds:
22. The formulae of four organic compounds are given below:
(i) Which one of these compounds A, B, C or D is a saturated hydrocarbon?
(ii) Identify the organic acid and give its structural formula.
(iii) Which ofthe above compounds when heated at 443K in the presence of concentrated
forms ethene as the major product? What is the role played byconcentrated in this reaction?
Also write the chemical equationinvolved.
(iv) Give a chemical equation when B and C react with each other
in presence of concentrated . Name the major product formed andmention one of its
important use.
23. Write a chemical equation for the reaction of (1) Iron with Steam (2) Calcium with Water (3) Potassium
with Water
Answers
1. In the electrolysis of water, the gas collected at cathode is : Hydrogen
and at Anode is :oxygen
The gas which is collected in double amount during the electrolysis is Hydrogen. This is
because water contains two parts of element as compared to one part of oxygen element by
volume.
2. When Potassium chloride reacts with Silver nitrate, the products that are formed are
Potassium nitrate and Silver chloride.
This is called a Double displacement reaction, as both Potassium and silver are
displacing each other in their compounds and thus forming Potassium nitrate and Silver
chloride.
The complete reaction is:
KCl(aq)Potassiumchloride+AgNO3(aq)Silvernitrate→AgCl(s)↓Silverchloride(white)
+KNO3(aq)Ptassiumnitrate
Another type of reaction that is involved here is the Precipitation reaction.
3. When the pH in the mouth falls below 5.5, tooth decay starts. Bacteria present in the mouth
produce acid by degradation of sugar and food particles which remain in the mouth after eating.
The acid produced in the mouth attack the enamel thereby, creating tooth decay.
4. This is because of the relative positions of the metals in the activity series. Aluminium is a
reactive metal as it is placed above hydrogen in the activity series. It react vigorously and exists
in combined form. Gold is placed much below hydrogen in the series. It is very less reactive
and do not form compounds easily, hence it occurs in the free state.
5. X is sodium because molar mass of NaOH is 40; which can be shown as
follows:
Na(23)+O(16)+H(1)=40
So, Y is NaOH
Z is hydrogen gas which easliy catches fire. Reaction between sodium and
water can be given as follows:
2Na+2H2O→2NaOH+H2
6. Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. So, the heat released is not
sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire. Calcium starts floating because the
bubbles of hydrogen gas which are formed during the reaction stick to the surface
of the calcium metal and hence calcium floats on water.
7.
8. Detergent, because detergents contain ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-
chain carboxylic acids, they are better than soaps. With calcium and magnesium
present in hard water, the charged ends of these will not precipitate. Soaps, on the
other hand, will precipitate with the calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
Detergents are preferred over soap due to the following reasons:
1Detergents act more effectively on hard water as compared to soaps.
[Link] sulfonate group does not attach itself to the ions present in hard water. They do
not form insoluble precipitates with the dissolved calcium and magnesium ions in
hard water.
2. Detergents have strong cleansing properties.
3. The formation of more lather is observed in hard water than in soft water in the
case of detergents.
4. They do not lose their effectiveness in hard water and saline water.
5. These compounds do not form scum.
9. The reaction of an alcohol with an acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4 to form an
ester is called an esterification reaction.
The reaction of Ethyl alcohol and Acetic acid in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 forms Ethyl acetate.
The chemical reaction is as follows:
c2h5oh+ch3cooh→c2h5cooch3+h2o
the reaction is esterification and there is Ester and water are formed
when ethyl alchol reacts with acetic acid
10. Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the
presence of a catalyst such as nickel or palladium to produce saturated
hydrocarbons.
Hydrogenation is used in the production of saturated vegetable ghee from
unsaturated vegetable oils.
11. (1.) Decomposition on heating
Calcium carbonate when heated gives quicklime (CaO) and carbon dioxide
CaCO3→CaO+CO2
(2.) Decomposition by light
Silver chloride decomposes to silver and chlorine in presence of sunlight
2AgCl→2Ag+Cl2
(3). Decomposition by electricity
Water on electrolysis gives hydrogen and oxygen
2H2O→2H2+O2
12. (a) The given reaction is a displacement reaction in which more reactive zinc
will displace less reactive silver from silver nitrate solution.
Zn(s)+2AgNO3(aq.)⟶Zn(NO3)2(aq.)+2Ag(s)
(b) The given reaction is a double displacement reaction.
2KI(aq.)+Pb(NO3)2(aq.)⟶2KNO3(aq.)+PbI2(s)
13. Washing soda is prepared by sodium carbonate by adding 10 molecules of
water of crystallization to each formula unit and is also known as sodium
carbonate decahydrate or washing soda.
SodiumCarbonateNa2CO3+10H2O⟶washing sodaNa2CO3.10H2O
Washing soda is a sodium salt that is basic nature.
Washing soda can be used to remove both temporary and permanent hardness
in water. It is soluble in water and adds a large amount of carbonate ions in the
water. These react with dissolved calcium and magnesium ions to produce
insoluble precipitates.
Sodium carbonate is soluble but calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
are insoluble.
14. pH scale measure the acidic and basic level of substance or liquid
It range from 0 - 14
This pH test measures the amount of hydrogen ions that exists in a given solution. High
concentrations of hydrogen ions yield a low pH (acidic substances), whereas low levels of hydrogen
ions result in a high pH (basic substances).
So the highest value 14 is basic and lowest value 0 is acidic...
15. Effect in taste:
If we use Baking soda instead of baking powder for making the cake, then after the baking
process, the taste of the cake will be a little metallic bitter.
Because baking soda as a base or alkaline ingredient has a naturally bitter taste, also when we
heat baking soda /Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)it will form Sodium carbonate(Na2CO3),
which will itself again make the cake bitter in taste.
The reaction involved here is as follows,
2NaHCO3(s)(Sodiumbicarbonate)+Heat→Na2CO3(s)(Sodiumcarbonate)+CO2(g)(Carbondioxide)
+H2O(l)(Water)
Baking soda into Baking powder:
To convert Baking soda into Baking powder we have to mix baking soda with tartaric acid
and starch.
Baking soda is much stronger than baking powder.
So for making baking powder we have to use 1 part of baking soda and 2 parts of tartaric
acid.
Role of tartaric acid:
Use of baking soda while baking or making cake, makes the cake taste bitter due to the
formation of Sodium carbonate during heating.
Hence, to neutralize the formed sodium carbonate and its bitter taste, we use tartaric acid.
As an acid tartaric acid neutralizes the base effect of Sodium bicarbonate.
16. All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to form a corresponding salt, carbon dioxide
and water.
Metal carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
17. i) Acetic acid will remain colourless in phenolphthalein.
ii) Acetic acid will dissolve in distilled water forming a clear solution.
iii) Universal indicator gives orange colour with acetic acid.
iv) Sodium hydrogen carbonate will give brisk effervescence due to the formation of CO2
gas.
18. Sodium chloride is made by reacting HCl (acid) and NaOH(base)
HCl + NaOH --- NaCl +H2O
NaCl is a neutral salt.
It is known as rock salt in crystalline form. These large crystals are often brown due to
impurities.
Beds of rock salt are formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. Rock salt is mined like coal
19. Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions,charged particles that form when an atom gains or
loses electrons . Covalent or molecular compounds form when elements safe electrons in a covalent bond to
form molecules..
20. Cinnabar (HgS) is the main ore of mercury.
To obtain mercury from its ore, first, it is heated in air. On heating, the ore of mercury, i.e., cinnabar
is converted into mercuric oxide (HgO). The reaction is given as:
2HgS + O2→ 2HgO
Mercuric oxide is then further heated and reduced to mercury (Hg). The reaction is given as:
2HgO→ 2Hg + O2
21. (i) Saturated hydrocarbons are those which has only single bond within the carbon atoms.
Therefore, Compound D which is ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon
(ii) Compound B which is ethanoic acid is an organic acid as it has carboxylic acid group .
The structural formula is:
(iii) Compound C which is ethanol. On heating, it gives ethene as the major product. The reaction is
shown below as:
H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent which eliminates water from ethanol. It acts as catalyst.
(iv) On reacting compound B and C, ethanoic acid and ethanol, it gives ester, ethyl ethanoate. They
are sweet smelling compounds and used as artificial flavouring agents.
22. . Iron with Steam Chemical Equation
The chemical reaction of iron with steam can be shown as
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
Iron + Water → Iron(II,III) Oxide + Hydrogen Gas
When an iron metal reacts with steam, metal oxide and hydrogen gas are products that are produced.
2. Calcium with Water
When Calcium reacts with water , metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas produced as products
The chemical reaction are shown as
Metal + Steam → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
Calcium reacts with water and forms hydrogen gas and calcium hydroxide
3. Potassium with Water
To produce potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, potassium reacts violently with cold water.
During the process, much heat is released the hydrogen gas generated caught fire and rapidly burns
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 + Heat
