WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

Water Treatment System

[№1-24]

Prepared by WRPC(KH)
Nov. 2015
hataya@wrpc.jp
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

§1 Natural Water Resources

1. Kind of Natural Water
Total Amount of Water Resources on the Earth
1.386 billion km3
Brackish
Fresh Water Sea Water Brine
Water
TDS TDS 5,000～ TDS 30,000～ TDS
< 5,000ppm 30,000 ppm 50,000ppm > 50,000ppm

0.035b km
3
1.35b km3
2.53% 97.47%

Underground River, Lake

Glacier
Water Water
3 3 3
0.024b km 0.011b km 0.0001b km
1.74% 0.76% 0.01%

№1
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

2. Sea Water Quality

Sea Water Components Sea Water Salt
Ion Conc. % Conc. ppm Content % Salt Content %
+
Na 1.0556 10,556 30.61 NaCl 77.8
2+ MgCl2
Mg 0.1272 1,272 3.69 9.6
2+ MgSO4
Ca 0.04 400 1.16 6.1
+ CaSO 4
K 0.038 380 1.1 4
2+
Sr 0.0008 8 0.03 KCｌ 2.1
−
Cl 1.898 18,980 55.05 Total 99.6
2−
SO4 0.2649 2,649 7.68
−
Br 0.0065 65 0.19
−
HCO 3 0.014 140 0.41
−
F 0.0001 1 0.003
H3BO3 0.0026 26 0.07

Total 99.993
Data from Google
№2
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

　3.Virtual Water
Agricultural l/kg-
Products Products
Wheat 1,150
Rice 2,656
Corn 450
Potato 160
Soybean 2,300
Beef 15,977
Pork 5,906
Chicken 2,828
Eggs 4,657
Milk 865
Cheese 5,288
Data Source: United Nations political world water
development report(in 2006) №3
 WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

§2 Impurity which are dissolved in Raw Water

1. Dissolved Gas
The following gasses are usually dissolved and contained in Natural Water.
N2 Gas … N2 gas is innert gas and it is not harmfull in production processes.

O2 gas … O2 gas can be removed by dearator.

CO2 Gas … CO2 gas can be removed by anion exchange resin.

2. Dissolved Ions
The following ions are usually dissolved and contained in Natural Water.
Cation Anion
→ as CaCO3 → as CaCO3

Ca2+ 20 ppm 2.497 50 ppm HCO3- 50 ppm 0.820 41 ppm …M-Alkalinity

Hardness…
Mg3+ 5 ppm 4.117 21 ppm SO42- 20 ppm 1.042 21 ppm
Na+ 50 ppm 2.177 109 ppm Cl- 80 ppm 1.412 113 ppm …Mineral Acidity

K+ 5 ppm 1.28 6 ppm NO3- 2 ppm 0.807 2 ppm

CO2 20 ppm 1.137 23 ppm
…Weakly Base Anion
SiO2 10 ppm 0.833 8 ppm

Total Cation 186 ppm Total Anion 207 ppm

№4
 WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER
ppm as CaCO 3 ppm as CaCO 3 ppm as CaCO 3

Total Cation ≒ M-Alkalinity + Mineral Acidity because of making salt

ppm as CaCO3 Conductivity

Total Cation ≒ μS/cm / 2

3. Others(Heavey Metals etc)

Fe
Ion & Making Colloid
Mn

4. Organics
Humic Acid etc.

§3 Water Charasteristics
1. Relation Between pH, M-Alkalinity and CO2 gas
The relation between pH, M-Alkalinity（HCO3 ), and CO2 in water can be shown as the following formula.
pH = log(M/C) + 6.31
HCO ３ pH CO ２

70 7.25 8

230 6.7 94

2. Typecal Units of Water Quality

(1) Conductivity 0.055 μS/cm 0.055 μS/cm

Reciprocal Relation ↑↓ ↑↓
№5
(2) Resistivity 18.18 MΩ･cm 18.18 MΩ･cm
 WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

3.Water Quality Grade and Usage

(1) Pre-treatment
Raw Water Pre-Treatment
Chemical Dosing Multi-media Filter
NaClO Filtered Water
HCl(NaOH) Coagula- Anthra
tion/ cite/
Coagulant Sedimen- Sand
Polyelectrolite tation Filter Water Usage
Drinking
Raw Filtered Water
Reaction Anthra
Dissolved
cite/
Water Tank Air Water Indust-
Sand
Flotation rial Water
Tank Filter Tank
Cooling
Tower
Anthra Water
Coagula-
cite/
tion/
Sand
Filkter
Filter

Treated Water Quality

Membrane
Conductivity < 500μS/cm
Filter
TDS < 500ppm
№6
 WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

(2)Demineralized Water
Filtered Water Deminelizer Demineralized Water
Primary Demineralizer Secondary Demineralizer
Regenerants

Ion HCl Ion Water Usage

Exchange Exchange Power
NaOH
Unit Unit Plant
Water
Mixed Bed Type
Filtered 2 Beds Type Primary Demine. Process
Water Demine. Water Water

Tank Tank Tank Semicondu-

ctoor,
Process
Primary SecondaryR Phamaceu-
RO Unit O Unit tical
Process

Treated Water Quality Treated Water Quality

Conductivity < 10μS/cm Conductivity < 1μS/cm

Residual SiO 2 < 0.3ppm Residual SiO2 < 0.05ppm

№7
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

§4.Pre-treatment System
It is believed that membrane type will become mainstream for a pre-treatment
water purification equipment,rather than coagulation-sedimentation filtration
separation, dissolved air flotation, coagulation filtration etc, the question method
membrare slowly,but due to the problem of sludge processing that occurs in the future.

1.Dissolved Air Flotation System

(1) Chemical Dosing
The following ①, ②, ③ and ④ chemicals are generally dosed to water
pre-teatment system.
① NaClO(Sodium Hypochlolite) for killing bacteria and Decomposing organics.
② Chloric Acid(HCl) for pH Adjustment
③ PAC([Al 2(OH) nCl 6-n] m Poly Aluminium Chloride) Coagulant for making flocs(A;(OH) 3
④ Polymer(Poly Electrolite) for Coagulation Aid

　(2) Block Flow Multimedia Filter

pH 6.5
M
M Scum Skimmer

Anthra
Raw Raw cite
Water Reaction Tank Water
Sand
Tank Tank
P
P Gravel
Sludge Collector
Scum & Sludge Withdrawal Filtered
0. P Water
Dissolved Air Water 5M
Air Pa Water Pressure Pump
Water Pressure Tank №8
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

2.Coagulation Filter
(1) Block Flow
Multimedia Filter
Line Mixer

pH 6.5
Anthra
Raw cite Filtered
Water Water
Sand
Tank Tank
P
Gravel

Chemical Dosing
① NaClO(Sodium Hypochlolite) for killing Bacteria
② Chloric Acid(HCl) for pH Adjustment
③ PAC([Al2(OH) nCl6-n]m Poly Aluminium Chloride) Coagulant for making flocs

(2) Filter Backwash LV = Linear Velocity(m/hr)

Flow Rate Time LV Vessel
3 2
Regeneration Step m /hr min. m/hr Area m
Service 56 1440 7
Drain ー 5 ー
Air Bubbling ー 5 ー
Settling ー 2
8.0
Backwash 200 15 25
Settling ー 3 ー
Rinse 56 10 7
stand By ー ー ー

(3) Filter Media Specification

An Example of Filter Media Specification
Parameter Anthracite Sand
Effective Diameter 0.9mm 0.45mm
Uniformity Coefficient 1.4 1.4 №9
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

3.Turbidity Removal Systeme by Membrane

(1) Block Flow
UF Brine
3
m /hr
UF Feed Water Filtered Water
3 3
m /hr m /hr

Raw UF Filtered
Water Modules Water
Tank Tank
P
Raw Water Pump

P
Chemical Dosing Backwash Pump
NaClO

(2) Back Wash

Process Interval
Service 30 min
Backwash 30 sec

№10
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER
§5.Ion Exchanger
1.Demineralizer(Two(2) Beds with Degasifier)
The ion exchanger consists of cation tower loaded strongly acidic cation exchange
resin, degasifier phisically removes CO2 gas and anion tower loaded strongly base
anion exchange resin.
(1) Service Process
CO2 Gas

Cation Tower Anion Towe3r

Media
R-H+ R-OH-
Strongly B Strongly De-
Filered Acidic Basis ionized
Water Cation Degasified Anion Water
Tank P Resin Water Resin Tank
P
Tank
Treated Water Coductivity 0.5～10μS/cm
Acidic Softened
Water De-Ionized Water
Filtered Water Cation Anion Degasified Water Cation Anion
-
Cation Anion H+ HCO3 Cation Anion H+ OH-
Ca2+ HCO3 - H+ Cl- H+
HCO3- H+ OH-
Mg2+ Cl- H+ SO4 2- H+ Cl- H+ OH-
Na+ SO42- H+ NO3 - H+ SO4 2- H+ OH-
K
+
NO3 - SiO2 H
+
NO3- OH
-

SiO2 SiO2
Dissolved Gas Dissolved Gas
-
Dissolved Gas CO2 HCO3 ⇒CO2 Dissolved Gas CO2 < 5.7ppm
CO2 N2 CO2 < 5.7ppm N2
No Change No Change
N2 O2 N2 O2
No Change
O2 O2
№11
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

(2) Regeneration Process

The demineralizer continues "Service" and finally is exhausted when reaches
to breakthrough point, "Service" has to be over and regeneration has be carried
out by dosing regenerants(HCl and NaOH).
Cation Tower … R-Na+ + HCl ⇒ R-H+ + NaCl NaCl is contained in the
-
Anion Tower … R-Cl + NaOH ⇒ R-OH + NaCl - regeneraton waste

SV = Space Velocity( /hr)

Regeneration
Flow Diagragm LV = Linear Velocity(m/hr)
Rate Time SV LV
3
Regeneration Step m /hr min. hr m/hr
Service 15 1440 10 ー
A.T.Backwash 14 5 ー 7 A.T.
2 2.0
C.T.Backwash 15 10 ー 10 Area(m )
Settling ー 5 ー ー C.T.
1.5
Acid Dosing 4 30 4 ー Area(m2)
Acid Dispalace 4 20 4 25 Cation
1,000
C.T.Rinse 16 30 16 ー Resin(l)
Caustic Dosing 6.0 40 4 12 Anion
1,500
Caustic Displace 6.0 20 4 ー Resin(l)
A.T.Rinse 15 40 10 ー
Stand By ー ー ー ー

(3) Expected Service Water Volume Calculation

Break Through Capacity Resin Volume
grs as CaCO 3 /l-resin liters

45.0 X 1,000
Expected Service Volume = 250 m3/cycle
180
ppm as CaCO 3/l
Total Cation №12
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

MB-P
2. Mixed Bed Polisher

Primmary
Demineralized.
Water
4% NaOH

Anion

Resin Regeneration
Wastewater
Cation

Resin
4% HCl
Treated Wate
(Pure Water)

Compare with 2 Beds Type(MB) and MB Type

Treated Water Quality Remarks

2 Beds Type 10～0.5μS/cm Primary Deminelizer

MB Type 0.5～0.6μS/cm Secondary Demineralizer

№13
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER
SV = Space Velocity( /hr)
MB-P Operation Diagragm
LV = Linear Velocity(m/hr)

Regene.
Regeneration Flow Rate Time Waste SV LV
3 3
Step m /hr min. m /cycle /hr m/hr Remarks
Service 100 ー 50 ー MB-P
2.0
Backwash 18 15 4.5 ー 9 Area(m2 )

Settling ー 10 ー ー
Cation
1,000
Resin(l)
NaOH Dosing 4.0 4.0 40 5.3 4 ー

Displacement 4.0 4.0 20 2.7 4 ー

Anion
1,000
Resin(l)
HCl Dosing 4.0 4.0 30 4.0 4 ー

Displacement 4.0 4.0 20 2.7 4 ー

Rinse 10.0 18 30 14.0 10 9

Drain ー 10 4 ー

Loosening 18 5 1.5 ー 9

Mixing Air 5 ー ー

Fast Rinse 100 10 16.7 50 ー

Stand By ー ー ー ー

Total Hrs 3.25 51 m3 /cycle

№14
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

(4) An Example of Ion Exchange Resin Specification

grs-
CaCO 3/l- Backwash
Type Resin Max.Temp.℃ Expansion %
Strongly Acidic Cation Exchange Resin
+ +
Amberlite IR-120 95 Na →Ｈ (5～10%)
Gel + + +
Amberlite IR-124 R-SO 3M 110 120℃ Na →Ｈ (5～7%)
+ +
Amberlite 200C MR 87.5 Na →Ｈ (3～5%)
Strongly Base Aion Exchange Resin
R- -
N(CH 3)2・X Cl ; 80℃ - -
Amberlite IRA-410 67.5 - Cl →OＨ (10～15%)
- OＨ ; 40℃
Gel CH 2H 4OH
- -
Amberlite IRA-400 R- 70 - Cl →OＨ (20～25%)
Cl ;80℃ - -
Amberlite IRA-402 N(CH 3)3・ 62.5 - Cl →OＨ (20～25%)
X OＨ ; 60℃ - -
Amberlite IRA-900 MR 50 Cl →OＨ (15～20%)

№15
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER
2.RO(Reverse Osmosis) System
(1) Princepale
Membrane
Pressure
Osmotic
Pressure

H 2O

(2) Structure(3 Elements Type) of Siral Type RO Element and Vessele

RO Feed
RO Permeate
RO Element RO Element RO Elemtnt
RO Brine
End Plate
Inner Conector Special Aduptor
V-Packing V-Packing

(3) RO Unit Block Flow

3 3
RO Feed 100 m /hr RO 65 m /hr
Water 300 μS/cm Permeate 10 μS/cm

Heat Exchanger,Safety Filter RO Vessel

RO Elements Treated
H S P
Filered Water
Water E F Hi.P.Pump
Tank ⇒25℃
P
RO Brine
RO Feed Pump
RO Brine 35 m3/hr
839 μS/cm
№16
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

(4) RO Unit Parameter

① Salt Rejection Percentage
RO Feed - RO Permeate Salt Rejection
500 μS/cm - 10 μS/cm
＝ 98 %
500 μS/cm
RO Feed
② Water Recovery Percentage
RO Feed - RO Brine Water Recovery
100 m 3 /hr X 25 m 3 /hr
＝ 75 %
100 3
m /hr
RO Feed
③ RO Unit Mass Balance
RO Feed Water

100 m 3 /hrX 500 μS/cm =

RO Permeate RO Brine

75 m 3 /hrX　 10
X μS/cm + 25 m 3 /hrX 1,970 μS/cm

④ Other Formula
(1) TDS(g/kg)'=0.0003*(μS/cm)^1.067

(2) Osmotic Pressure π25'=0.059*(TDSg/kg)^1.069

(3) Temp. Conpensation (π25℃)=1.03^(25-ｔ)

№17
 WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

(5) RO Membrane Specification

Size & Membrane Operating Permeate Salt
3
Maker Model No. Type Materials Pressure m /hr Rejection
SC-1100 4' Spiral < 0.24
> 95 %
SC-1200 8' Spiral < 0.96
Cellulose
SC-2100 4' Spiral 3.0MPa < 0.36
Acetate
SC-2200 < 1.46 > 97 %
8' Spiral
Toray SC-3200 < 0.71
SU-710 4' Spiral < 0.27
1.5MPa > 99 %
SU-720 8' Spiral < 1.08
Poly Amide
SUL-G10 4' Spiral < 0.27
0.75MPa > 99.4 %
SUL-G20 8' Spiral < 1.25
NTR-1698 S4 4' Spiral Cellulose 0.25
3.0MPa > 98 %
NTR-1698 S8 8' Spiral Acetate 1.04
NTR-729HF S4 4' Spiral 0.5
> 93 %
NTR-729HF S8 8' Spiral 2.25
1.5MPa
Nitto NTR-759HF S4 4' Spiral 0.29
> 99.5 %
NTR-759HF S8 Poly Amide 1.25
8' Spiral
ES15D8 < 1.54
ES20D4 4' Spiral 0.75MPa < 0.25 > 99.5 %
ES20D8 8' Spiral < 1.25
Note ① Synthetic Membrane = Poly Amide
№18
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

3.Ultra Pure Water System

(1) Block Flow Pharmaceutical Production Line
Primary DI Water Semiconductor Production Line

From Use Point Return

N 2 Gas
UF Brine

HE Cartridge UF Use
Primary UV Polisher Modules Point
DI Water
Tank ⇒25℃ Purified Cation & Anion Resins
P
are loaded
DI Water Feed Pump Waste Water
Treated Water Quality Spepcification
Resisitivity > 18.0 MΩ･cm
TOC < 2 μg/l(ppt)
Particles < 1 pcs/ml
Bacteria < 1 pcs/ml

№１9
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

(2) UV Sterilizer/UV Oxidation Unit

　　UV Sterilizer(UV Wave Length 254ｎm）Killing Bacteria
UV Oxidation Unit(UV Wave Length 185ｎm）Decomposing Organics.
TOC（C）　＋　O2　⇒　CO2↑
　　↑
by Ultraviolet(185nm) Irradiation

(3) CP(Cartridge Polisher)

The Cation and Anion resins which have been regenerated in the CP
(Cartridge Polisher), and when these resins are exhausted, it is necessary
to replace fresh resins resins.

(4) Kind of UF(Ultra Filtration) Module

Operatin
Flux. g Max.
Maker Model No. Type Material m3/hr Pressure Temp.
FIT-3016 Poly Sulphon 1.2 90℃
Inside Out
FCV-3010 1.25
Asahi Hollow Type Poly Acrilic 40℃
FCV-5010 3
(Pall) Fiber
OLT-3026 Outside In 3.5
90℃
OLT-5026 Type 7.5 0.6MPa
NTU-3050 C3H Outside In 1.7
Poly Sulphon
NTU-3050 C4H Hollow Type 3.5
Nitto 90℃
Fiber Outer
NTU-3306 K4R 7.0
Pressure

№21
 WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

Additional Data-1/3

№22
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

Additional Data-2/3

№23
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER

Additional Data-3/3

№24
WATER REUSE PROMOTION CENTER