TITLE CHM420 LAB REPORT

SEMESTER OCT 2022

EXPERIMENT 3
NAME SITI NURANIS RUQAYYAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN
STUDENT ID 2022646624
PROGRAME AS222
GROUP 1
TYPE OF FILE WORD
PAGE CONTENT
2 TABLE OF CONTENT
3 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
4 RESULT
5 DISCUSSION
7 DISCUSSION
8 CONCLUSIONS AND QUESTIONS
9 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
They are several types of chemical reactions and many ways to classify them. We can simplify
matters by classifying them into four different types of chemical reactions: combination,
decomposition, displacement and metathesis. The following are examples of types of reactions:

(a) A combination reaction occurs when two substances (either elements or compound)
combine to form a single product:

A + B AB
Example: Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
(b) A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a combination reaction. A single substance
decomposes into two or more simpler substances:
AB A + B
Example: CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(c) A displacement reaction (also called a single-replacement reaction) occurs when an

element reacts with a compound and displaces one of the elements in the compound.
The original element becomes part of a new compound with the displaced element as
by-product:
A + XY AY + X
Example: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

OBJECTIVE
To study the general types of chemical reactions and to write balanced equations for each type
of reaction.
RESULT

Experiments Observations
A: Combination Reaction Forms into water powder
B: Decomposition Reaction Glowing wooden splinter light up

Experiment Observations
C: Single Replacement Test tube 1 Test tube 2 Test tube 3 Test tube 4 Test tube 5
CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu AgNO3 + Cu HCl + Cu HCl + Zn
Nail rusting No changes Precipitate Solution Gas
(copper formed becomes released,
formed), yellow bubbles gas
solution formed,
turns light formation
blue of black
solid

Experiment D: Metathesis Observations

1. Precipitate Reaction Yellow precipitate
2. Acid-base Temperature increased (from 27◦C to 34◦C)
neutralization
3. Formation of a gas Gas formed; blue litmus paper turns red

DISCUSSION
A. Combination Reactions
Based on the experiment, magnesium ribbon is used to observe the chemical reaction.
Magnesium is a silvery white metal that can burn with air and utilizes atmospheric oxygen form
air to form magnesium oxide.
2Mg(s) + O2 2MgO(s)
The magnesium ribbon burns in a crucible and after a few minutes, white solid ashes are
formed. It’s mean that the formation of magnesium oxide a direct combination reaction of two
elements which are magnesium and oxygen. So chemical change is occurred in this reaction. In
this experiment have precaution to follow during handling this chemical reaction. The surface
of magnesium must properly be cleaned by using sand paper. Then, the magnesium ribbon
should be held by tongs while burning it. We also should wear googles to protect eyes from
burning light of magnesium ribbon.
B. Decomposition Reactions
In this experiment, potassium chlorate is put in test tube. Then, heat gently and liquefy and
gas bubble form. This is shown the gas in formed. Then lit wooden splint and blow the flame
and put inside the test tube. The wooden splinter is light up. This is shown the bubble that
formed is oxygen gas.
C. Single Replacement Reactions

In this experiment, test tube 1 the iron nail becomes rusty. This is because of copper is
deposited on the iron nail by discharging iron. The colour of copper (II)sulphate solution in
which the iron nail is put turns into light green. This occur due to Fe 2+ ions are present in the
solution as the iron is more reactive than copper in the electrochemical series, so that Fe 2+
ions discharge Cu2+ ions from copper (II) sulphate solution and then formed light greenish
coloured of ferrous sulphate solution. The equation:
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + FeSO4 (aq)
So, chemical change in this reaction is single displacement reaction which copper has been
discharge by iron from copper (II) sulphate solution, and ferrous sulphate is formed. From
this experiment there are few precautions that must be followed while handling the
experiment. First, the nail must be cleaned using sand paper to remove dust or greasy
surface. We also must avoid from touching copper (II) sulphate solution or the iron nail
dipped in the solution as it’s poisonous. The experiment must be in control to compare the
observation between iron nail and the solution.
Next, for test tube 2. There are no changes when copper dipped in iron (II) sulphate
solution. This is because copper is less reactive metal that is added into metal salt solution.
So, there will be no reaction.

For test tube 3, copper is reacted with silver nitrate solution to produce silver and copper
(II) nitrate.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)
This reaction is also called as redox reaction. Grey solid formation deposited on copper in
the silver nitrate solution. Copper atoms were oxidized, which means they lost two
electrons: Cu Cu2 + 2e. Then, silver ions were reduced, which means the ions gained
back lost electrons:
Cu(s) Cu2+ + 2e-
2Ag + 2e- 2Ag+
The colour of silver nitrate solution in which the copper was dipped turns blue in colour.
This occurs because of Cu+ were being formed in the solution. NO3- is was a spectator ion, so
it did not gain or lose electrons. But the copper must be cleaned by sand paper to remove
dust or greasy surface to avoid error during the observation.
In test tube 4, the solution becomes yellow colour. However, there will be no changes
between the reaction of hydrochloric acid. This experiment must keep in control to observe
the actual changes when handling this experiment.

In test tube 5, zinc reacts quickly with hydrochloric acid and forms bubble of hydrogen gas.
This reaction involved redox reaction; zinc metal loses an electron as it is reacting with
strong acid to become positively-charged zinc ion through oxidation process. Hydrogen
undergo reduction by gaining an electron and become neutral molecule.
Zn(s) Zn2+ + 2e-
H+ + e- H2
D. Metathesis or Double Replacement Reactions
In precipitation reaction, potassium dichromate and lead (II) nitrate are soluble substances.
However, many lead (II) salts are insoluble. Yellow precipitate (jelly likeable) is formed at
the bottom of the test tube. Potassium dichromate react with lead (II) nitrate to produce
lead (II) chromate and potassium nitrate.
K2Cr2O4 + Pb(NO3)2 PbCr2O4 + 2KNO3
In acid-base neutralization, there is no changes when NaOH solution is added with H 2SO4
solution. Yet this reaction involves both replacement and acid base reaction because it
involves acid, H2SO4 and a base, NaOH. When an acid and a base reacts, they will neutralize
each other form salt water.
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4 + 2H2O(l)
Next, formation of a gas, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) will react with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to
form sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). In aqueous solution, carbonic
acid (H2CO3) exists in equilibrium with water and carbon dioxide gas.
H2CO3(aq) ⇌ H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The equation for the reaction:
H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(s) Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
CONCLUSION
We can actually learn the common sorts of chemical reactions through the experiment.
Combination reactions, single replacement reactions, and double replacement reactions are
some of these. Finally, we discover what byproducts are created at the conclusion of the
chemical reaction after learning how positive charge (cation) reacts with negative charge
(anion). We also reviewed how to balance equations for various types of reactions.

QUESTIONS
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reactions involved.
A: 2Mg(s) + O2 2MgO(s)
C: Test tube 1: 2Fe(s) + 3CuSO4(aq) 3Cu(s) + 2FeSO4(aq)
Test tube 2: N.R.
Test tube 3: Cu(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Test tube 4: N.R.
Test tube 5: Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
D: 1) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2Cr2O4 PbCr2O4 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
2) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4 + 2H2O(l)
3) H2SO4 (aq) + NaCO3 (s) Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

2. What other tests can be used to confirm the presence of carbon dioxide gas?
Double replacement reaction (formation of gas)

3. How can you tell whether a chemical reaction has occurred?

When the reaction itself undergoes a chemical and physical change, a chemical
reaction has taken place. Chemical alterations are the incremental changes in a
substance's composition that cause a bond to break and a new one to form.
Changes in temperature, colour, precipitate development, and bubble
production are a few examples of chemical changes. While physical
modifications define the display without altering the composition's texture,
colour, shape, or condition.
REFERENCES

Bruno, T. J., Lide, D. R., & Rumble, J. R. (2018). CRC handbook of chemistry and
physics : a ready-reference book ofchemical and physical data. Crc Press.
‌Brown, T. L., Harold Eugene Lemay, Bruce Edward Bursten, Murphy, C. J.,
Woodward, P. M., Stoltzfus, M. W., & Lufaso, M. W. (2018). Chemistry : the
central science. New York Pearson.
‌LibreTexts. (2019, May 3). 5.3: Types of Chemical Reactions. Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Valley_City_State_University/Chem_121/
Chapter_5%3A_Introduction_to_Redox_Chemistry/
5.3%3A_Types_of_Chemical_Reactions