MOWL10 Examples

Lecture 10
Some examples
Recall...Example 2: Pulse
The figure shows a pulse on a string of length 100 m with fixed ends. The pulse
is traveling to the right without any change of shape, at a speed of 40 m/sec.
(a) Make a clear sketch showing how the transverse velocity of the string varies
with distance along the string at the instant when the pulse is in the position
shown.
Ans: Let us assume that the peak was at x = 0 at t = 0, so that the pulse can be
defined by the following function at any later time:
b3
y (x, t) = where b = 0.1 m
b2 + (x − 40t)2
The function will represent the pulse position, shown in the figure, at t = 1 sec.
The transverse velocity:
∂y
vy =
∂t
Some excersises September 25, 2019 2 / 26
Recall...Example 2: Pulse
The figure shows a pulse on a string of length 100 m with fixed ends. The pulse
is traveling to the right without any change of shape, at a speed of 40 m/sec.
(a) Make a clear sketch showing how the transverse velocity of the string varies
with distance along the string at the instant when the pulse is in the position
shown.
Thus,
80b 3 (x − 40t)
vy (x, t) =
[b 2 + (x − 40t)2 ]2
At t = 1 sec:
80b 3 (x − 40)
vy (x, 1) =
[b 2 + (x − 40)2 ]2

The graph is,
0.1
0 x
38 39 40 41 42
vy 8
0 x
38 39 40 41 42
-4
-8
The string in the left half of the peak are falling while that of the righthalf are
rising

The graph is,
0.1
0 x
38 39 40 41 42
vy 8
0 x
38 39 40 41 42
-4
-8
The string in the left half of the peak are falling while that of the right half are
rising

Example 2: Pulse
The figure shows a pulse on a string of length 100 m with fixed ends. The
pulse is traveling to the right without any change of shape, at a speed of
40 m/sec.
(b) What is the maximum transverse velocity of the string(approximately)?

Example 2: Pulse
40 m/sec.
(b) What is the maximum transverse velocity of the string(approximately)?

∂y
vy ,max (approx) ∼| −v |= 40 × 0.1/1 = 4 m/sec
∂x
vy ,max happens at the almost linear portion of the pulse. Slope of the
0.1
curve at that reagion will be approximately .
1

Example 2: Pulse
40 m/sec.
(c) If the total mass of the string is 2 kg, what is the tension T in it?

Example 2: Pulse
40 m/sec.
(c) If the total mass of the string is 2 kg, what is the tension T in it?
T = µv 2 = 32 N

Example 2: Pulse
40 m/sec.
(d) Write an equation for y(x,t) that numerically describes sinusoidal

waves of wavelength 5 m and amplitude 0.2 m traveling to the left (i.e., in
the negative x direction) on a very long string made of the same material
and under the same tension as above.

Example 2: Pulse
40 m/sec.
(d) Write an equation for y(x,t) that numerically describes sinusoidal

waves of wavelength 5 m and amplitude 0.2 m traveling to the left (i.e., in
the negative x direction) on a very long string made of the same material
and under the same tension as above.
y (x, t) = 0.2sin[2π(8t + x/5)]

Superposition of pulses in opposit direction
The pulses pass right through each other and emerge from the encounter
as if nothing has happened!

The pulses pass right through each other and emerge from the encounter
as if nothing has happened!
Recall...... Transverse velocity of a pulse
0.1
0 x
38 39 40 41 42
vy 8
0 x
38 39 40 41 42
-4
-8
The string in the left half of the peak are falling while that of the right half are
rising

Example 3: Superposition of Pulse
Two identical pulses of equal but opposite amplitudes approach each other
as they propagate on a string. At t = 0 they are as shown in the figure.
Sketch to scale the string, and the velocity profile of the string mass
elements, at t = 1 sec, t = 1.5 sec, t = 2 sec.

The red curve depicts the velocity profile of the pulse




Example 3: Energy in a triangular pulse
One end of a stretched string is moved transversely at constant velocity uy
for a time τ , and is moved back to its starting point with velocity −uy
during the next interval τ . As a result, a triangular pulse is set up on the
string and moves along it with speed v . Calculate the kinetic and potential
energies associated with the pulse, and show that their sum is equal to the
total work done by the transverse force that has to be applied at the end
of the string.

of the string.
The kinetic energy of a small element:

2
1 dy
dKE = µdx
2 dt

of the string.

2
1 dy 1
dKE = µdx = µdx (uy )2
2 dt 2
The total kinetic energy of the pulse:

Z 2v τ
K .E . = d(K .E .)
0

of the string.

2
1 dy 1
dKE = µdx = µdx (uy )2
2 dt 2
The total kinetic energy of the pulse:

Z 2v τ
K .E . = d(K .E .) = µv τ (uy )2
0

Potential energy of an element:
2
1 dy
d(P.E .) = T dx
2 dx

2
1 dy
d(P.E .) = T dx
2 dx
Total potential energy:

Z 2v τ 2
1 dy
P.E . = T dx
2 0 dx

2
1 dy
d(P.E .) = T dx
2 dx

dy 2
2v τ
Z
1
P.E . = T dx
2 0 dx
1 2v τ 2 uy 2
Z
= (v µ) dx
2 0 v

2
1 dy
d(P.E .) = T dx
2 dx

2v τ
dy 2
Z
1
P.E . = T dx
2 0 dx
1 2v τ 2 uy 2
Z
= (v µ) dx
2 0 v
1 2 uy 2
= (v µ) (2v τ )
2 v

2
1 dy
d(P.E .) = T dx
2 dx

2v τ
dy 2
Z
1
P.E . = T dx
2 0 dx
1 2v τ 2 uy 2
Z
= (v µ) dx
2 0 v
1 2 uy 2
= (v µ) (2v τ )
2 v
= µv τ (uy )2 = K .E .

2
1 dy
d(P.E .) = T dx
2 dx

2v τ
dy 2
Z
1
P.E . = T dx
2 0 dx
1 2v τ 2 uy 2
Z
= (v µ) dx
2 0 v
1 2 uy 2
= (v µ) (2v τ )
2 v
= µv τ (uy )2 = K .E .
Total energy = 2µv τ (uy )2

2
1 dy
d(P.E .) = T dx
2 dx

2v τ
dy 2
Z
1
P.E . = T dx
2 0 dx
1 2v τ 2 uy 2
Z
= (v µ) dx
2 0 v
1 2 uy 2
= (v µ) (2v τ )
2 v
= µv τ (uy )2 = K .E .
Total energy= 2µv τ (uy )2

dy uy
Used the relations: = and v 2 = T /µ
dx v

Work done by the transverse force,

Z uy τ Z 0
W = Tsinθ dy − Tsinθ dy
0 uy τ

Z uy τ Z 0
0 uy τ
Z uy τ
= 2 Tsinθ dy
0

Z uy τ Z 0
0 uy τ
Z uy τ
= 2 Tsinθ dy
Z0 uy τ u
y
= 2 T dy
0 v

Z uy τ Z 0
0 uy τ
Z uy τ
= 2 Tsinθ dy
Z0 uy τ u
y
= 2 T dy
0 v
= 2µv τ (uy )2

Example 4: Travelling wave in which direction?
Two points on a string are observed as a traveling wave passes them. The
points are at x1 = 0 and x2 = 1 m. The transverse motions of the two
points are found to be as follows:
y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
(a) What is the frequency in hertz? (b) What is the wavelength?

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
Let us assume it to be a +ve moving wave, y = Asin(kx − ωt)

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

y1 (0, t) = Asin(−ωt)

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

y1 (0, t) = Asin(−ωt) = (−A)sin(ωt)

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

y1 (0, t) = Asin(−ωt) = (−A)sin(ωt) = 0.2 sin(3πt)

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

y1 (0, t) = Asin(−ωt) = (−A)sin(ωt) = 0.2 sin(3πt) so, A = −0.2 m and
ω = 3π
Frequency, ν = ω/(2π) = 1.5 Hz.

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
y2 (1, t) = Asin(k − 3πt)

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

π
y2 (1, t) = Asin(k − 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

π
y2 (1, t) = Asin(k − 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8
π
(−A)sin(−k + 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

π
y2 (1, t) = Asin(k − 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8
π
(−A)sin(−k + 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8
π
−k + 3πt + 2nπ = + 3πt
8

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

π
y2 (1, t) = Asin(k − 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8
π
(−A)sin(−k + 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8
π
−k + 3πt + 2nπ = + 3πt
8
=⇒ k = 2nπ − π/8

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)

π
y2 (1, t) = Asin(k − 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8
π
(−A)sin(−k + 3πt) = 0.2 sin( + 3πt)
8
π
−k + 3πt + 2nπ = + 3πt
8
=⇒ k = 2nπ − π/8
16
=⇒ λ = , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
16n − 1
y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
(c) What is the velocity?

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
(c) What is the velocity?

24 8 24
Velocity = λν = = , , ....
16n − 1 5 31

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
Now let us take a -ve moving wave, y = Asin(kx + ωt)

So, y1 = Asin(ωt) = 0.2sin(3πt)
And you will get,

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
Now let us take a -ve moving wave, y = Asin(kx + ωt)

So, y1 = Asin(ωt) = 0.2sin(3πt)
And you will get,
A = 0.2, ω = 3π, ν = 1.5 Hz

y2 = Asin(k + 3πt) = 0.2sin(π/8 + 3πt)
=⇒ k + 3πt + 2nπ = π/8 + 3πt
=⇒ k = π/8 − 2nπ
16
Therefore, λ = , n = 0, −1, −2, −3, ...
1 − 16n
Define m = −n, then
16
λ= , m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
1 + 16m
−24
Velocity= −λν = = 24, ....
16m + 1

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
(d) Which way is the wave traveling? Show how you reach this conclusion.
( Warning! Consider carefully if there are any ambiguities allowed by the

limited amount of information given.)

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

y2 = 0.2 sin(3πt + π/8)
(d) Which way is the wave traveling? Show how you reach this conclusion.
( Warning! Consider carefully if there are any ambiguities allowed by the

limited amount of information given.)
Given data is not sufficient.

MOWL10 Examples

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Lecture 10

Some excersises September 25, 2019 3 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 4 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 5 / 26

(b) What is the maximum transverse velocity of the string(approximately)?

Some excersises September 25, 2019 6 / 26

(b) What is the maximum transverse velocity of the string(approximately)?

Some excersises September 25, 2019 6 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 7 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 7 / 26

(d) Write an equation for y(x,t) that numerically describes sinusoidal

Some excersises September 25, 2019 8 / 26

(d) Write an equation for y(x,t) that numerically describes sinusoidal

y (x, t) = 0.2sin[2π(8t + x/5)]

Some excersises September 25, 2019 8 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 10 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 11 / 26

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The kinetic energy of a small element:

Some excersises September 25, 2019 17 / 26

The kinetic energy of a small element:

The total kinetic energy of the pulse:

Some excersises September 25, 2019 17 / 26

The kinetic energy of a small element:

The total kinetic energy of the pulse:

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Total potential energy:

Some excersises September 25, 2019 18 / 26

Total potential energy:

Some excersises September 25, 2019 18 / 26

Total potential energy:

Some excersises September 25, 2019 18 / 26

Total potential energy:

Some excersises September 25, 2019 18 / 26

Total potential energy:

Total energy = 2µv τ (uy )2

Some excersises September 25, 2019 18 / 26

Total potential energy:

Total energy= 2µv τ (uy )2

Some excersises September 25, 2019 18 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 19 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 19 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 19 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 19 / 26

Some excersises September 25, 2019 19 / 26

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

(a) What is the frequency in hertz? (b) What is the wavelength?

Some excersises September 25, 2019 20 / 26

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

(a) What is the frequency in hertz? (b) What is the wavelength?

Let us assume it to be a +ve moving wave, y = Asin(kx − ωt)

Some excersises September 25, 2019 20 / 26

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

(a) What is the frequency in hertz? (b) What is the wavelength?

Let us assume it to be a +ve moving wave, y = Asin(kx − ωt)

Some excersises September 25, 2019 20 / 26

y1 = 0.2 sin 3πt

Total energy= 2µv τ (uy )2