PART III- ELECTRIC SUPPLY

SYSTEMS USED FOR POWER SAVING

1. EFFICIENT LIGHTING
 Lighting can account for over 35% of energy consumption in buildings.
 Lighting control is one of the easiest ways to make substantial energy savings for a relatively small
investment and is one of the most common energy saving measures.
 Electronic Ballast: The use of electronic ballast in tube lights instead of using an old electromagnet blast
can also reduce energy consumption. Ballasts also need to be replaced when lights are changed. New
electronic ballast is also available, offering significant energy savings.
 LED Lights: Replacing fluorescent and incandescent with low power led lights is a fine approach to saving
energy. For example: on replacing a 40 Watt and 500 lumens incandescent bulb with a 7 Watt led bulb
providing the same brightness, then about 33 Watts can be saved per luminaire.
 Reflectors: A less common passive energy efficiency measure, these reflectors intensify useful light, so
that fewer lights may be required in some cases. Energy can be saved without having to compromise on
lighting quality.
 Lighting Control through Sensors: Sensors based light in washrooms and other areas can save a lot of
energy.
2. LIGHTING CONTROL
 The aim of lighting control programmes is to give users the required levels of convenience and flexibility,
 Active energy savings and cost reduction by switching lights off as soon as they are no longer needed.
3. CENTRALISED LIGHTING MANAGEMENT
 They offer greater flexibility of management and centralised monitoring, and provide more scope for
energy savings by enabling lighting controls to be integrated into other systems (e.g. air conditioning).
Certain systems enable energy savings of 30%, although efficiency levels will depend on the application
involved and this must be chosen with some care.
4. ENERGY POLICY
 Energy policy is a document or set of regulations that include strategies and steps to be taken for energy
saving. There are several standards based on which energy policies are made.
5. ENERGY AUDIT
 A regular energy audit helps in finding out the power losses due to different equipment, also the areas
where most of the power is consumed and what steps are required to be taken in order to reduce power
consumption without affecting the production.
6. RENEWABLE ENERGY
 The use of renewable energy is becoming common nowadays as it is a free source of energy and has
almost negligible carbon emission. Renewable energy includes the use of wind energy, solar energy,
biomass energy, and many more. These energies are utilized for supplying to load through the
combination of power system equipment besides power electronic devices.
7. HOUSEKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE PLAN:
 Proper scheduled maintenance and monitoring of loads in industries could increase the life span of
equipment and also help in controlling the losses or failure.
8. LOAD MANAGEMENT:
 Due to changes in shifts, variations in weather, and different production times, demand never remains
the same. Such variation in load causes an increase in the number of generators which proportionally
increases the maintenance and control system requirement and thus cost increases.
 Proper load management like reducing unnecessary loads like lights, motors, and economic dispatch of
power improves our energy savings in such cases.
LUMINAIRES
 a complete electric light unit.
 A light fixture, light fitting, or luminaire is an electrical device that contains an electric lamp that provides
illumination. All light fixtures have a fixture body and one or more lamps. The lamps may be in sockets
for easy replacement—or, in the case of some LED fixtures, hard-wired in place.
 The luminaire’s function is to direct light to appropriate locations, without causing glare or discomfort.

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Luminaires generally consist of some or all of the following parts:
1. Lamps and lamp holders or sockets
2. Ballasts to start and operate the lamps
3. Reflectors to direct the light
4. Shielding/diffusion components (lens, diffuser, louver, or the like) to shield the lamps from the eyes at normal
viewing angles, reduce discomfort and disability glare, and to distribute light evenly
5. Housings to contain the above elements as well as electrical components, such as wiring connections

TYPES OF LIGHTING

 Task Lighting
 Lighting designed to provide a strong illumination for visually demanding activities. It needs to be glare-
free. Effective task lighting enhances visual clarity and keeps the eyes from getting tired. Task lighting
only works well when it is used as a contrasting light.
 fixtures to create task light. Pendants, Swing Arm Lamps, Under Cabinet, Vanity
 Accent Lighting.
 Lighting that calls attention or adds interest to a particular object or unusual feature of interest in a
room.
 Highlight emphasizes illumination with a strong light; backlight illuminates from behind in order to
embrace depth or to separate the object from the background; sidelights is light coming the side.
 This is a very concentrated light with the intention of drawing the eye to its focal point.
 lights to create accent light. Wall Lights, Recessed, Landscape, Track
 Ambient Lighting.
 A hidden source of light that washes the room with a glow. It flattens an interior and creates very little
shadow. Ambient lighting is often referred to as mood lighting,
 lights to create ambient light.: Chandeliers, Pendants, Recessed, Track, Ceiling
 Aesthetic Lighting.
 Lighting itself can be a work of art. A neon sculpture would be purely decorative and is an example of
aesthetic lighting.
 lights to create accent light.: Chandeliers, Pendants, Recessed, Track, Ceiling
 Safety lighting: As the name suggests this type of bright lighting is used for safety reasons in areas such
as stairways, along corridors swimming pools and by way of emergency lighting
 lights to create safety light.: street lights, bollards, beacon lights
COMMON TYPES OF LUMINAIRES

 Wall Washer. A downlight mounted close to the plane of a wall and equipped with a reflector, baffle, or
lens to illuminate to the vertical surface.
 Floodlight. A lamp designed to project or diffuse a comparatively uniform level of illumination over a
large area. Also called flood lamp. floodlights can be used on poles, on façades, on roofs or on the
ground. The light can be adapted to individual needs through diffuser disks, louvres, shields and coloured
discs. These luminaires can also be integrated in a light and building management system.
 Downlight. A luminaire consisting of a lamp set in meta cylinder, recessed into or mounted on a ceiling
to direct a beam of light downward.
 Spotlight. A lamp designed to project a strong focused beam of light on an object or areas. Also called,
spot.
 Spill. Useless light rays, a spotlight or other focused light source. Also called, spill light.
 Track lighting. Lighting provided by adjustable spotlights mounted a long narrow, ceiling-or-wall-
mounted metal track through which currents is conducted.
 Light strip. A rigid or flexible tape with exposed down voltage light sources of 1 to 10 watts.
 Troffer. A luminaire having a trough-shaped reflector holding one or more fluorescent lamps.
 Droplight. A lighting fixture suspended from a ceiling or wall by a flexible cord, by which it can be released
or lowered.
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  Chandelier. A decorative lighting fixture suspended from a ceiling. Usually having branched supports for
a number of lamps.
 Pendants. Suspended from the ceiling, a pendant light directs its light down, typically over a table or
kitchen island. A pendant can enhance the decorative style of a room. Pendants can provide ambient or
task lighting.
 Wall Sconces. Surface-mounted to the wall, sconces can direct light upwards or downwards, and their
covers or shades can add a stylistic touch to a room. Wall sconces provide ambient or task lighting.
 Floor Lamps. Made in a wide range of sizes and styles, lamps are extremely versatile and portable
sources of light in a room. Most lamps direct light downward, with the exception of a torchiere, which
is a floor lamp that directs its light upward. Lamps are often used as task lights, particularly for reading,
but can also provide ambient light.
 Gooseneck Lamp. A desk lamp having a flexible shaft resembling the neck of a goose.
 Bridge Lamp. A floor lamp having the light source on a horizontal adjustable arm.
 Torchlere. A floor lamp having its light source within a reflecting bowl that directs the light upward.
 Bollards: These luminaires accompany pathways and defined areas. Areas are structured. Their light
ranges from unshielded to directed flat beam. The light graphics on the ground surface are often used
as a design element.
 Underwater lighting: These luminaires are exposed to extreme conditions. Temperature fluctuations
and long-term operation under water place special demands on design and material. Underwater
luminaires are used in swimming pools, water features and ponds. Modern LED technology results in
very little maintenance of theses luminaires.

FUSE AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS

1. FUSE
 Fuse is the simplest and cheapest device used for interrupting an electrical circuit under short circuit, or
excessive overload, current magnitudes.
 A fuse is a device that protects against damage from excessive current.
 It contains a short piece of wire made of an alloy that melts readily.
 The flow of current through a fuse causes the wire to heat up and melts when excessive current passes
through the fuse.
 This action burns out the fuse and breaks the circuit.
 It also interrupts the flow of electricity because a fuse is always connected in series with the circuit it
protects.
 A burned-out fuse which is commonly called a "blown" fuse must be replaced for the circuit to function.
 Fuse element material: The material used for fuse elements must be of low melting point, law ohmic
loss, high conductivity, low cost and free from deterioration.
 The fuse element is made of zinc, copper, silver, aluminum, or alloys
among these or other various metals to provide stable and
predictable characteristics.
 Necessity of fuse: A fuse is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC).
These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced
by electricity passing through wires and/or components. They are
used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat
produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuit.
 DESIGN PRINCIPLE OF FUSE
A. The time for blowing out of the fuse depends upon the magnitude of the excessive current.
B. Larger the current, the more rapidly the fuse will blow.

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 ADVANTAGED OF FUSE
 It is the cheapest form of protection available
 It needs no maintenance
 Its action is completely automatic compared to a circuit breaker
 It can break heavy short circuit currents without noise or smoke
 The inverse time current characteristics of a fuse makes it suitable for over current protection
 Minimum time of operation can be made much shorter than with the circuit breaker.
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
 Considerable time is lost in rewiring or replacing a fuse after operation.
 On heavy short circuits discrimination between fuses in series cannot be obtained unless there is
sufficient difference in the sizes of the fuses concerned.
 Discrimination between two fuses is said to occur if on the occurrence of a short circuit or over current
fault, only the desired fuse operates.

TYPES OF FUSE
 Supply main fuse: this fuse is provided by the supplier and is fixed just after the service meter and sealed
by him. The seal can be broken only by the authorised person in case of blowing out of fuse. The rating
of supply main fuse will be as per load current of the consumer.
 Consumer main fuse: this is another fuse of rating slightly less than that of supply main fuse. It is
provided by the supplier and placed after the consumer main switch. Fuse can be replaced by supplier.
 Sub circuit fuse: The total wiring system is divided into a number of sub circuits or branch circuits. A
separate fuse is provided for each branch circuit and is known as sub circuit fuse or branch circuit fuse.
 Point fuse: in good quality indoor wiring of building every light and plug point is provided with its
individual fuse known as point fuse.
1. TYPES OF FUSE UNIT

 a fuse unit essentially consist of the metal fuse element or link, a set of contact which it is fixed
and a body to support and isolate them.
 1.ROUND TYPE FUSE UNIT: This type of fuse unit consists from Bakelite or porcelain box. for
holding the fuse wire between them used two separated wire terminals. This type of fuse is not
used as common fuses.
 2.KIT-KAT TYPE FUSE UNIT: This kind of fuse is most commonly used in the case of domestic
wiring and small scale usage. The main composition is of a porcelain base which holds the wires.
And a porcelain fuse carrier holding the fuse element, consisting of one or more strands of fuse
wire, stretched between its terminal. The fuse wire may be of lead, tinned copper, aluminium.
 3.CARTRIDGE FUSE: This is a totally enclosed type fuse unit. a fuse cased in a tube. Cartridge
fuses are cylindrical in shape and have contact points at each end. They are rated for circuits
over 30 amps and typically 240 volts.
 4. HRC FUSE UNIT: HRC (High Rupture Capacity) Fuse is the fuse used for protecting of electrical
devices from short-circuit faults. HRC fuse have capacity to carry higher short-circuit currents.
In that type of fuse, the fuse wire or element can carry short circuit heavy current for a known
time period.
 5. SEMICONDUCTOR FUSE UNIT: these are very fast acting fuses for protection of Thtyristor and
other electronic circuits.A thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device

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2. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 The Circuit Breaker also performs the similar function as that of the
fuse but by electromagnetism principle. The circuit breaker also
protects the appliances from getting damaged due to overload
current.
 A circuit breaker is an equipment which can open or close a circuit
under all conditions viz. no load, full load and fault conditions.
 It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote
control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault
conditions.
 For the latter operation, a relay circuit is used with a circuit breaker.
 Duties of automatic circuit breakers

1. It carries the full load current continuously without overheating or damage

2. It opens and close the circuit on load
3. It makes and breakers the normal operating current
4. It makes and breaks the short circuit currents of magnitude up to which it is designed for
 Operation: A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts called electrodes.
 Under normal operating condition these contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until
and unless the system become faulty.
 Of course the contacts can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired.
 When a fault occurs on any part of the system the trip coils of the circuit breakers get energized and the
moving contacts are pulled a part by some mechanism thus opening the circuit When the contacts of a
circuit breaker are separated under fault conditions and arc is struck between them.
 The current thus able to continue until the discharge ceases.
 The production of arc not only delays the current interruption process but it also generates enormous
heat which may cause damage to the system or to the circuit breaker itself.
 Therefore, the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest possible time
so that heat generated by it may not reach a dangerous value.
 Arc in Circuit Breaker Whenever, on load current contacts of circuit breaker open there is an arc in circuit
breaker, established between the separating contacts.
 As long as this arc is sustained in between the contacts the current through the circuit breaker will not
be interrupted finally as because arc is itself a conductive path of electricity.
 For total interruption of current the circuit breaker it is essential to quench the arc as quick as possible.
The main designing criteria of a circuit breaker is to provide appropriate technology of arc quenching in
circuit breaker to fulfil quick and safe current interruption.
 ADVANTAGED OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
 Circuit-breakers respond quicker than fuses.
 Circuit-breakers are more reliable.
 Circuit-breakers are more sensitive.
 Unlike fuses which only operate once and need to be replaced a circuit-breaker can be reset.
 It protects from damage caused by flow of excessive current.
 DISADVANTAGED OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
 The disadvantage to using a circuit breaker is that it can be more expensive to install, repair and replace.
Circuit breakers won't react as quickly as a fuse in power surges.
 This means it would be possible that electronics connected to the circuit could be damaged by energy
that is just let through.
 CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 There are several ways of classification the circuit breakers however the most common are based on the
medium used for the circuit breakers. These are as follow:
 i) Oil circuit breakers
 ii) Air-blast circuit breakers
 iii) Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers
 iv) Vacuum circuit breakers
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  Oil circuit breakers in such circuit breakers some insulating oil (e.g transformer oil) is used as an arc
squinting medium. The contacts are open under oil and an arc is struck between them.
 Air-blast circuit breakers employ a high pressure air blast as an arc Quenching medium. The contacts
are Opened in a low of air blast established by the opening of the blast wall. The air blast cools the arc
and sweeps away the arcing product to the atmosphere.
 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers: In such circuit breakers sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as the
arcing quenching medium. The SF6 is an electro negative gas and has a strong tendency to absorbs the
electrons. The contacts of the breakers are opened in a high pressure flow of sf6 gas and an arc is struck
between them. The conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively
immobile negative ions.
 Vacuum circuit breakers: In such breakers vacuum is used as the quenching medium. Since vacuum
offers the high insulating strength, it has far superior arc quenching properties than any other medium.
For example, when contacts of breakers are opened in vacuum, the interruption occurs at first current
zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up at a rate thousands of times higher than
the other circuit breakers.

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER(MCB)

 The device automatically puts off an electrical circuit whenever any abnormality occurs in the electrical
network such as short circuit and or overload conditions.
 The MCB is an electromechanical device which protects electric wires, devices, appliances etc. form
overcurrent so as to prevent any kind of damage, fire or electrical hazards. MCBs are quite easy and
much safer to handle; it also quickly restores the supply of currents.
 A MCB is a mechanical switching device which is capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under
normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and automatically breaking
currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit.
 MCBs are available in the different number of poles depending upon the application and the
requirement.
 They could be single pole, double pole, triple pole & four poles with neutral poles if desired.
 Their rating varies from 0.5-63 A with a short circuit breaking capacity of 3-10 KA at 230V or 240V.
 What is its purpose: Its purpose is to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short-circuits and
overloads.
 What is its function: Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a
fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are protecting an individual household
appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Advantages of MCB It automatically switches off the electrical circuit during abnormal condition of the
network means in over load condition as well as faulty condition. The fuse does not sense but Miniature
Circuit Breaker does it in more reliable way. MCB is much more sensitive to over current than fuse.

Disadvantages of MCB Only one disadvantage of MCB over fuse is that this system is costlier than fuse unit
system.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MCB

 Rated current not more than 100 A.

 Trip characteristics normally not adjustable.
 Thermal or thermal- magnetic operation.
 Working principle based on thermal or thermal magnetic operation.
 Suitable for low current circuits (low energy requirement), i.e. home wiring.
 Generally, used where normal current is less than 100 Amps.

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MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)

 The Molded Case Circuit Breaker is another type of electrical protection device that is used when the
load current exceeds the limit if an MCB.
 The molded case circuit breaker also provides protection against short circuit faults, overloads and it can
also be used for switching circuits.
 It is also used for higher current rating and fault level in domestic and small commercial applications.
 But the large current ratings and high breaking capacity of the MCCB are much more useful in industrial
applications.
 it is come with an adjustable protection system making them suitable to work on different current ranges
as per the adjustment made by turning the knob provided on them.
 What type of protection does MCCBs provide?
 Similar to MCBs, the MCCBs provide short-circuit and overload protection, which can be adjusted as per
the requirement and the application connected to it.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MCCB
 MCBB stands for “Molded Case Circuit Breaker“.
 Rated current in the range of 10-2500 amps.
 Thermal operated for overload and & magnetic operation for instant trip in SC (short circuit
conditions).
 Interrupting rating can be around 10k – 200k amps.
 Trip characteristics is adjustable.
 Suitable for high power rating and high energy i.e. commercial and industrial use.
 Generally, used where normal current is more than 100 Amps.

RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER(RCCB)

 RCCB stands for Residual Current Circuit Breaker and is essentially current sensing equipment to guard
low voltage electrical circuits which operates when it detects a fault in the system.
 RCB measures the current going inside the connected device and coming out from the device. If both
of these current are equal, then there would no problem with the normal functionality of the device.
 This device is basically an electrical wiring device whose function is to disconnect the circuit whenever
there is leakage of current flow from the human body, or the current flow is not balanced between the
phase conductors.
 It is the best device for detecting and taking care of electrical leakage currents, so it gives protection
against electric shock or electrocution caused by direct contacts.
 RCCB is usually used in series with an MCB. The MCB protects the RCCB from over-current and short-
circuits current. Both neutral and phase wires are connected through an RCCB.
 The combination of these two devices provides a very effective form of protection from electric shock,
and it is widely used for protection against a leakage current of about 30,100 and 200mA.
 What type of protections RCCB provides?
 Like ELCBs, the RCCBs also protect from the electrical shocks with a single difference that they are
current sensing devices while ELCBs are voltage sensing and takes slightly higher time to activate during
the fault.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RCCB
 In them, only Phase and neutral are connected through it, unlike the main earth being connected in
ELCB.
 It operates in case of ground fault only to trip the circuit while disconnecting the load from the electrical
power supply.
 It ensures that the current passing through the Phase should be the same as passing through the neutral.
In case of any discrepancy it operates and trips the circuit.
 They are more effective than the ELCBs and operate in a shorter time.

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EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER(ELCB)

 The ELCB stands for Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker and protect from Electrical current leakage.
 The ELCBs are installed in the electrical systems as high Earth impedances to avoid electrical shock.
 They detect the stray voltage on the body of the ELCB and interrupt the circuit in case some unusual
unsafe voltage is detected.
 The ELCB otherwise are special kind of latching relay which disconnect power from the system on sensing
an electrical shock.
 What type of protection does the ELCB provide?
 The ELCB trips and disconnect the electrical supply within 0.1 Sec when someone gets an electrical shock
and thus protects the person, equipment, and electrical system from being getting a significant electrical
shock occurring later in the electrical system due to short circuit or Overload.
 It detects the fault and disconnects the system while providing it with a high impedance path to restrict
the fault current within lower limits.
 ELCB Construction:
 It is international standard that each electronics device enclosure should be earthed. So, there would be
no chance of electrocutions. For proper operation of ELCB, its need to bury a metallic rod deep in the
soil and ELCB is connected between the wire coming from the rod to the wire attached to the external
metallic body of the Electrical device or you can say that ELCB is connected to the Earth wire.
 ELCB Operation:
 When the live wire (accidentally) touches the metallic body of the connected device or appliance, then
there is potential generated between the earthed rod and the metallic enclosure of that device. The
circuitry (inside the ELCB) senses the potential difference and when this potential difference reached at
50volt then ELCB cuts off the main supply from the connected device. This way it ensures the safety of
the human beings.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELCB
 The Phase, neutral and main earth is to be connected to the ELCB.
 It operates on the amount of leakage current flowing in the system.
 Phase (line), Neutral and Earth wire connected through ELCB.
 ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current.
 Operating Time of ELCB:
 The safest limit of Current Which Human Body can withstand is 30mA sec.
 Suppose Human Body Resistance is 500Ω and Voltage to ground is 230 Volt.
 The Body current will be 500/230=460mA.
 Hence ELCB must be operated in 30mASec/460mA = 65msec

RESIDUAL-CURRENT DEVICE (RCD)

 An RCD, or residual current device, is a life-saving device which is designed to prevent you from
getting a fatal electric shock if you touch something live, such as a bare wire. It can also provide
some protection against electrical fires. RCDs offer a level of personal protection that ordinary fuses
and circuit-breakers cannot provide.
 An RCD is a sensitive safety device that switches off electricity automatically if there is a fault.
 An RCD is designed to protect against the risks of electrocution and fire caused by earth faults
TYPES OF ELECB
Current operated earth-leakage circuit breaker
It is used when the product of the operating current in amperes and the earth-loop impedance in
ohm does not exceed 40. where such a circuit breaker is used, the consumer’s earthing terminal is
connected to a suitable electrode.
Voltage operated earth leakage circuit breaker
It is suitable for use when the earth-loop impedance exceeds the values applicable to fuses or
excess-current circuit breaker or to current operated earth leakage circuit breaker

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BASIS FUSE CIRCUIT BREAKER

Working Fuse works on the electrical and thermal Circuit breaker works on the Electromagnetism
Principle properties of the conducting materials. and switching principle.

Reusability Fuses can be used only once. Circuit breakers can be used a number of times.

Status It does not give any indication. It gives an indication of the status
indication

Auxiliary No auxiliary contact is required. They are available with auxiliary contact.
contact

Switching Fuse cannot be used as an ON/OFF switch. The Circuit breaker is used as an ON/OFF
Action switches.

Temperature They are independent of ambient temperature Circuit breaker Depends on ambient temperature

Characteristic The Characteristic curve shifts because of the The characteristic curve does not shift.
Curve ageing effect.

Protection The Fuse provides protection against only Circuit breaker provides protection against power
power overloads overloads and short circuits.

Function It provides both detection and interruption Circuit breaker performs only interruption. Faults
process. are detected by relay system.

Breaking Breaking capacity of the fuse is low as Breaking capacity is high.

capacity compared to the circuit breaker.

Operating time Operating time of fuse is very less (0.002 Operating time is comparatively more than that
seconds) of the fuse. (0.02 – 0.05 seconds)

Version Only single pole version is available. Single and multiple version are available.

Mode of Completely automatically. Manually as well as automatically operated.

operation

Cost Cost of fuse is low. Cost of circuit breaker is high.

Representation

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EARTHING

 To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance or installations to the earth (ground)
is called Earthing or Grounding.
 In other words, to connect the metallic parts of electric machinery and devices to the earth plate or
earth electrode (which is buried in the moisture earth) through a thick conductor wire (which has very
low resistance) for safety purpose is known as Earthing or grounding.
 To earth or earthing rather, means to connect the part of electrical apparatus such as metallic covering
of metals, earth terminal of socket cables, stay wires that do not carry current to the earth. Earthing can
be said as the connection of the neutral point of a power supply system to the earth so as to avoid or
minimize danger during discharge of electrical energy.
 Why Earthing is Important?
 The primary purpose of earthing is to avoid or
minimize the danger of electrocution, fire due to
earth leakage of current through undesired path
and to ensure that the potential of a current
carrying conductor does not rise with respect to
the earth than its designed insulation.
 When the metallic part of electrical appliances
(parts that can conduct or allow passage of
electric current) comes in contact with a live
wire, maybe due to failure of installations or
failure in cable insulation, the metal become
charged and static charge accumulates on it. If a person touches such a charged metal, the result is a
severe shock.
 To avoid such instances, the power supply systems and parts of appliances have to be earthed so as to
transfer the charge directly to the earth. This is why we need Electrical Earthing or Grounding in electrical
installation systems.
 Good Earthing Means Good Earthing must have low impedance enough to ensure that sufficient current
can flow through the safety device so that it disconnects the supply ( <0.4 sec ). Fault current is much
more than the full load current of the circuit which melts the fuse. Hence, the appliance is disconnected
automatically from the supply mains.
 Below are the basic needs of Earthing.
 To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices and appliances from leakage
current.
 To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs
on any one phase).
 To Protect Electric system and buildings form lighting.
 To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and
communication.
 To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.
 Different Terms used in Electrical Earthing
 Earth: The proper connection between electrical installation
systems via conductor to the buried plate in the earth is known
as Earth.
 Earthed: When an electrical device, appliance or wiring
systems connected to the earth through earth electrode, it is
known as earthed device or simple “Earthed”.
 Solidly Earthed: When an electric device, appliance or
electrical installation is connected to the earth electrode
without a fuse, circuit breaker or resistance/Impedance, It is
called “solidly earthed”.

10
  Earth Electrode: When a conductor (or conductive plate) buried in the earth for electrical earthing
system. It is known to be Earth Electrode. Earth electrodes are in different shapes like, conductive plate,
conductive rod, metal water pipe or any other conductor with low resistance.
 Earthing Lead: The conductor wire or conductive strip connected between Earth electrode and Electrical
installation system and devices in called Earthing lead.
 Earth Continuity Conductor: The conductor wire, which is connected among different electrical devices
and appliances like, distribution board, different plugs and appliances etc. in other words, the wire
between earthing lead and electrical device or appliance is called earth continuity conductor. It may be
in the shape of metal pipe (fully or partial), or cable metallic sheath or flexible wire.
 Sub Main Earthing Conductor: A wire connected between switch board and distribution board i.e. that
conductor is related to sub main circuits.
 Earth Resistance: This is the total resistance between earth electrode and earth in Ω (Ohms). Earth
resistance is the algebraic sum of the resistances of earth continuity conductor, earthing lead, earth
electrode and earth.
 Components of Earthing System
A complete electrical earthing system consists on the following basic components.
 Earth Continuity Conductor
 Earthing Lead
 Earth Electrode

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OPEN AND CONCEALED WIRING
Concealed Wiring
 As a word suggest concealed means “Hidden”. So, this wiring is done inside the floors/walls and it is
further concealed/ hidden by plastering the wall. In other words, using plastic or electrical wiring inside
a wall, ceiling or floor with plastic or metallic piping is called secret concealed conduit wiring.
 Concealed conduit electrical wiring system is the most popular, aesthetically beautiful and stronger. It
is most as it is common type of electrical wiring used nowadays, as the surface look neat and clean.
 For concealed wiring system, professional electrician/ technician needs to be more skilled.
 In this system there is no risk of mechanical injury.
 In this wiring system there is no risk of electrical shock to users from cable.
 Concealed wiring helps to maintain the aesthetic look of wall, as it looks neat and clean and render
surface plain for further decoration.
 Concealed wiring system is safe and durable.
 Risk of fire due to short circuit inside is always more.
 This system is expensive (costly) as compared to open wiring system.
 For making channel/ chases in the wall, it requires more time.
 In this wiring system all the wires are in closed Electrical conduit, therefore fault cannot found easily
and cannot be fixed quickly and easily.
 It is challenging to work as compared to open wiring.

Open Wiring
 As a word suggests open means exposed. It is a wiring method using cleats, knobs, tubes and flexible
tubing for the protection and support of insulated conductors running, on walls and not concealed or
hidden under any elements of building.
 Open wiring system does not give aesthetically good look. Nowadays this system is rarely used.
 Here too, the need of skilled professional electrician/ technician cannot be denied.
 In this system there is a risk of mechanical injury to users.
 In this wiring system chance of electrical shock is more to users.
 The wire runs on surface which gives ugly look. Case of this system, aesthetic look of wall can be
maintained by covering it with decorative and protective materials which may add to the cost.
 Open wiring system is not that safe and durable as compared to concealed wiring.
 Risk of fire due to short circuit is also present in open wiring system. But it is easily visible so chances of
fire can be prevented or reduced easily.
 This system is less expensive (costly) as compared to concealed wiring system.
 In this system no channels or chase are required in wall. So, less time is consumed.
 In this wiring system all the cables are in open air, therefore fault can be easily detected and can be fixed
quickly.
 In open wiring system, installation of wiring on the wall is easy as compared to concealed wiring.

PROTECTION OF BUILDING FROM LIGHTING

Lighting Protection System essentially lightning conductors (protection of structures) and voltage surge
protectors (protection against overvoltage), offer effective protection if they are defined and installed with care.
External Protection
1.1 -Protection system (lightning conductors): The purpose of these is to protect structures against direct
lightning strikes. By catching the lightning and running the discharge current to earth, they avoid damage
connected with the lightning strike itself and circulation of the associated current. Lightning conductors are
divided into four categories:
1.1.1 -Single rod lightning conductor (Franklin rods): `These are metal rods installed over a structure at
preferred points for a lightning strike. These terminals are connected to a network of horizontal and vertical
conductors that are terminated to earthing terminals. The network of rods, conductors and earth terminals
covers the protected structure in a Faraday Cage.
Various sizes and shapes of Franklin Rods are available to suit an application and we have capability to design
and manufacture a custom system to fit your needs

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1.1.2 - Lightning conductors with spark over device: These are a development of the single rod. They are
equipped with a spark over device which creates an electric field at the tip, helping to catch the lightning and
improving their effectiveness. Several lightning conductors can be installed on the same structure. They must be
interconnected as well as their earthing electrodes.
1.1.3 -Lightning conductors with meshed cage: This protection involves placing numerous down
conductors/tapes symmetrically all around the building. This type of lightning protection system is used for
highly exposed buildings housing very sensitive installations such as computer rooms Lightning conductors with
a meshed cage
1.2 -Electro geometric model: The Electro- geometric model is one of the techniques that have been successfully
employed to design a shielding system and to provide a scientific basis for calculating the annual number of
lightning strokes to electric power components and buildings. This is also called as imaginary sphere model which
defines the spherical volume that is theoretically protected by a lightning conductor according to the intensity
of the discharge current of the first arc. The higher this current, the higher the probability of capture and the
wider the protected area.
1.3 -Capture surface areas: The site to be protected, when consists of several buildings or extends beyond the
range of a single capture device (lightning conductor), a protection plan must be drawn up for the area. It is
always difficult to achieve total coverage of a site when it is made up of structures of different heights.

1.4 -Down conductors: Down conductors should be within the bounds of practical constraints take the most
direct route from the air termination system to the earth termination system. The greater the number of
down conductors the better the lightning current shared between them. This is enhanced further by
equipotential bonding to the conductive parts of the structure. There should always be minimum of two
down conductors distributed around the perimeter of the structure. Down conductors should whenever
possible be installed at each exposed corner of the structure to carry the major part of the lightning current.
Down conductor.
1.5 Earthing system: This system is vital for the dispersion of lightning current safely and effectively into the
ground. A good earth connection should possess the following characteristics: -Low electrical resistance
between the electrode and the earth. The lower the earth electrode resistance the more likely the lightning
current will choose the flow down that path in preference to any other, allowing the current to be conducted
safely to and dissipated in the earth. -Good corrosion resistance. The choice of material for the earth
electrode and its connections is of vital importance. It will be buried in the soil for many years so as to be
totally dependable.
2 -Internal Protection
Active and passive protection of the installation: Fuses and circuit breakers are the most commonly used
protection devices. These devices are too slow in relation to the phenomenon of lightning and they will not
protect the electrical and electronic equipment’s from over voltages caused by lightning. Voltage surge
protectors provide active protection of the installation. The best use of these voltage surge protectors can
be obtained only when they are installed carefully. Therefore, the choice of the model, positioning,
connection, etc. are important factors to be considered.

ELECTRICAL CONNECTION TAKE FROM NEAREST ELECTRICAL POLE TO RESIDENTIAL BUIDING

 Electricity is most often generated at a power plant by electromechanical generators, primarily driven
by heat engines fuelled by combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic
energy of flowing water and wind Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal
power.
 After electricity is generated in power plant, it is time for transmission. This is done by using step-up
transformers that increases the voltage. This high voltage electricity is transmitted through a network
of electrically conductive wires of aluminum or copper. These lines are called high-voltage transmission
lines that can transmit electricity over long distances.
 Electricity is distributed via electric distribution substation. At the substation high voltage electricity
from the high voltage transmission lines is passes through step down transformers that lower the
voltage. The electricity is then transmitted to network of local electric distribution lines. Before
electricity enters a home, the voltage is again lowered using step down transformers. In most countries

13
 the voltage is 220v ac or 110 v dc. In a home electricity is distributed to different outlets by network of
wires through electrical wiring
 Each consumer has a separate electrical circuit connecting for different appliances and accessories.
Depending upon the power, current and voltage ratings of various appliances, it is necessary to select
proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose.
 Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the
supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and
safety devices is known as Electrical Wiring.
 Electrical Power Transmission from Electric pole to Energy meter to Distribution board

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 Domestic Electric Circuit
 Electric power is usually generated at places which are
far away from the places where it is consumed.
 The electric power line enters our house through three
wires- namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the
earth wire.
 color code for insulating these wires. The red wire is the
live wire, and the black wire is neutral. The earth wire is
given green plastic insulation
 The live wire has a high potential of 220 volts whereas the neutral wire has zero potential.
 The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate
buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then to the main
switch.
 In buildings, receive supply of electric power through a main supply (mains), either supported through
overhead electric poles or by underground cables.
 The live wire and neutral wire, coming from the electric pole, enter a box fitted just outside our house
which has a main fuse(F1).
 The fuse is connected in series with the live wire.
 The fuse(F1) has a high rating of about 50A. Thus it prevents any damage such as fire to the entire
electrical wiring entering the house due to short-circuit or overloading.
 The two wires then enter the electricity meter which records lithe electrical power consumed by us in
kilowatt-hour (kWh). This meter is installed by the electric supply Department of our city.
 These two wires coming out of the meter are then connected to a main switch which is placed in a
distribution box. Another fuse (F2) is placed in series with the live wire in this box for the sake of
consumer safety.
 There are two separate circuits in a house namely lighting circuit and power circuit.
 Sub circuits in Domestic wiring It is Broadly classified into two categories:
 1.Light, Fan sub-circuit and 2. Power sub-circuit.
 (1) Light and Fan Sub-circuit: The sub-circuit of the electrical installation feeding supply to various light
points, i.e. lamps, lighting cable, Light switches, tubes etc. and to fan points is termed as light and fan
sub-circuit respectively.
 (2) Power circuit: The part of the complete installation that supplies appliances like hot plate, electric
iron, small single-phase motors of washing machine, refrigerator etc. is generally called the power sub-
circuit.
 PARTS OF HOUSE WIRING
 Supply line: Electricity supply lines (i.e. underground electricity cables or overhead electricity lines)
transmit and distribute electricity.
 Transformers: A transformer is an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current from one
voltage to another.
 Bus bars: Bus bars are metal bars used to carry large amounts of current. Often made of copper or
aluminum, every home electrical panel has bus bars to distribute ac power to the rows of circuit breakers
 Switching apparatus
1) Switches: a small button or something similar that you press up or down in order to turn on electricity.
2) Fuse: fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical
circuit.
3) Circuit breakers: A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage.
 Grounding: Electrical grounding is a backup pathway that is generally only used if there is a fault in the
wiring system.
 Methods of Wiring
 Wiring (a process of connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from supplier’s
meter board to home appliances such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances is known as
Electrical Wiring) can be done using two methods which are,
 I. Joint box system or Tee system or Jointing system
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TYPES OF ELECTRICAL FITTINGS USED IN BUIDINGS
An electrical domestic fitting is a basic part used in wiring either for protection & adjustment or for the control
of the electrical circuits or for a combination of these functions.
Electrical Fittings are the products, which are used for fitting various electrical devices like switches, fans, wires,
tube lights etc. These components are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and materials. ... Thus,
electrical fittings are specifically designed considering various hazards.

1) Switch: A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit. Or it is used to switch “ON or OFF” the electric
supply. The switches may be one-way switch and two-way switch. The one-way switch is used to control
single circuit or lamp, whereas the two-way switch issued to divert the flow of current to either of two
directions. The two-way switch can also be used to control one lamp from two different places
2) Lamp Holder: As the name indicates, a lamp holder is used to hold the lamp, and connect it electrically to
supply terminals, required for lighting purposes. The lamp holders may be bayonet cap and screw type.
Depending upon our requirement, these lamp holders are also manufactured in different designs.
3) Batten Lamp Holder: These lamp holders may be of brass or Bakelite, with brass plunger. The holders are
fixed on either on round block or wooden board with the help of wooden screws.
 Batten Lamp Holder: Pendant Lamp Holder: Angle Lamp Holder: Swivel Lamp Holder: Bracket Lamp
Holder: Fluorescent Lamp holder:
4) Ceiling Rose: These are fixed on walls near the ceiling. Normally these are used to provide tapping to the
pendent lamp holder, ceiling fan and fluorescent tube etc. through the flexible wire.
5) Socket: The sockets have insulated base with moulded base having three terminal sleeves. The two terminal
sleeves having same cross-section are used to connect phase and neural wire whereas the third having
greater cross-section is used to connect with earth wire. Plug: The plugs are also having moulded three pins
of brass or any electrically conducting material. These are also made of 5 amp and 15-amp rating. These are
used for taking power from socket.
6) Main Switch: As the name indicates that this switch is used to switch “on or off” the main supply. In other
words, these switches are used to control the whole supply for a house, office and machine. In single-phase
circuit I.C.D.P. main switches are used, whereas in three-phase circuits I.C.T.P. main switches are used to
control the supply. The main switches are of the following type: a) I.C.D.P. Switch: Iron Clad Double Pole
main switch is used in single-phase supply circuits. These are available in 15 Amp, 30 Amp, 60 Amps and 100
amperes current rating.
7) Fuse: It is the most common and important type of safety device used for domestic and commercial
installations.
8) Miniature Circuit Breaker (M.C.B.): A miniature circuit breaker is an electro-mechanical safety device which
operate and disconnect the circuit supply, when the current drawn from the circuit increases to a pre-
determined value. These are used in lieu of fuses and can be fitted in consumer’s distribution board.
9) Adapter: The full name of an adapter is Socket-outlet Adapter. It is also called lamp holder plug. In order to
give supply connection to a portable appliance like table fan, hand lamp etc. from a lamp holder, an adapter
is used. It is made of Bakelite or wood in the shape of a lamp cap.
10) Distribution Board: In order to connect different sub-circuits of a house wiring system with low voltage sub-
main lines coming out from the main switch, a distribution fuse board is used. Such a board is usually called
distribution board or in brief D.B. A consumer unit is a type of distribution board (a component of an
electrical power system within which an electrical power feed provides supply to subsidiary circuits).
11) Connectors- used to attach metallic or non-metallic conduit to the junction or utility boxes.
12) Clamps- electrical materials used to hold and anchor electrical conduits in its proper position.
13) Conduits/Pipes- electrical materials used as the passage of wires for protection and insulation.
14) Utility Box - a rectangular shaped metallic or plastic (PVC) material in which flush type convenience outlet
and switch are attached.
15) Junction Box - an octagonal shaped electrical material where the connections or joints of wires are being
done.
16) Transformers: A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between
its winding circuits.
17) Relays: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary

16
 to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled
circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Electrical equipment includes any machine powered by electricity. It usually consists of an enclosure, a variety
of electrical components, and often a power switch. Examples of these include:

 Lighting
 Major appliance
 Small appliances
 IT equipment (computers, printers etc.)
 Motors, pumps and HVAC Systems

More specifically, electrical equipment refers to the individual components

1. Electric switchboards
2. Distribution boards
3. Circuit breakers and disconnects
4. Transformers
5. Electricity meter.

COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING

1) Setting up a residential lighting system and a commercial lighting system can be a very different.
2) Many factors can differentiate the planning, design, product selections, and installation process.
3) Purpose: Both residential as well as commercial lighting solutions are installed to serve various purposes.
Residential lighting is majorly installed to complement the house’s aesthetics and interiors. On the other
hand, commercial lighting solutions are installed for professional motives.
4) Cost: Obviously, a residential lighting system has generally lower cost than a commercial system where the
initial outlay is higher.
5) Residential lighting: The light fixtures and bulbs that use in and around home, such as your kitchen, garage,
garden and driveway. Although many lighting components are best suited to either indoor or outdoor
conditions.
6) commercial lighting: The lights and fixtures that are used in any type of business that isn’t manufacturing,
such as hotels, restaurants, retail shops, warehouses and offices are considered commercial lights. Also, the
outdoor lighting that is seen in your city, such as public street lamps, bridges and what surrounds
government buildings is also typically commercial grade lighting.
7) Durability: Residential lighting system won't need a durable system for heavy duty usage.
8) Energy Saving: Energy saving will be a great consideration in a commercial system, as it will be a factor in
the business' profitability. Building a highly energy efficient system can be very expensive initially, and will
generally hit the budget constraint in the residential application.
9) Applications: There are more varieties in a commercial system, and some will be custom-made and
specialized applications.
10) Traffic for the lighting system: Usage frequency of the lighting system is another main difference between
both commercial and residential lighting system. Commercial lighting system would experience higher traffic
11) Purpose and target: The main difference between the two is its purpose and functionality. For example, a
house won't need their parking lot to be too bright. A commercial venue, otherwise, might need a lot of
brightness in their parking lot for many reasons: visibility, security, or other reasons.
12) Fixtures: One of the major differences between commercial and residential lighting system would be their
components. Depending on the components, their lifespan and warranty period would also vary.As
previously mentioned, commercial lightings will need more durability. That's why the fixtures are
manufactured differently than the residential models. To make sure of buying the right fixtures depending
on your needs, check for a commercial grade or residential grade label on the product.
17
13) Fittings: commercial lights above 150W of power need different fittings than residential ones.
14) Design: The design process will always be tied up with its functionality/purpose. In a residential application,
very few specialized functionalities are needed generally, and that also limits design applications in
residential use. In commercial use, however, lighting design can function for many things.
15) Controllability: In residential use, generally have some form of controllability with dimmers. As the price
goes lower, some houses also use motion or day/night sensors and timers. In commercial use, the need for
controllability is a lot more demanding, and might even need intelligent control system operated by a
computer.
16) The luminous intensity of the system: Luminous intensity is another major difference between both
residential and commercial LED lighting systems. In residential lighting system, you would not require high
luminous intensity.
17) Power Consumption: in a commercial environment, energy saving is a more pressing concern, as it can
directly impact the business' profitability.
18) Budget: Generally, a residential setup will have more limited budget than a commercial setup.

CONTROL PANEL

An electrical control panel is a metal box which contains important electrical devices that control and monitor a
mechanical process electrically. ... An electrical control panel enclosure can have multiple sections. Each section
will have an access door.

Eight types of electrical components exist within an electrical panel enclosure which define and organize the
several different functions carried out by the panel. These components include:

 Main circuit breaker. This is like the disconnect of the main electrical panel leading into a home or office.
Main circuit breakers handle between 120V–480V in most industrial applications.
 Surge arresters. This component prevents lightning strikes or utility power surges from damaging the
electrical components inside the panel due to overvoltage.
 Transformers. Depending on the incoming voltage, transformers may reduce voltage to 120V for various
components or step down voltage to 24V in instances where incoming power is 120V.
 Terminal blocks. These blocks help to organize and distribute the array of wires coming from various
sources to different electrical devices.
 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This is essentially a CPU contained inside the control panel. This
unit is the brains of the control panel, providing monitoring and control of the various mechanical
processes. In will include various inputs and outputs to and from mechanized functions of the production
equipment.
 Relays and contactors. These on/off switches control mechanized functions based on commands from
the PLC. Smaller relays control functions like lights and fans. Larger relays, called contacts, control more
advanced functions like motors.
 Network switches. The communication hub of the control panel, network switches facilitate
communication between the PLC and the various network compatible devices on the production line.
 Human Machine Interface (HMI). These components allow an operator to monitor or control certain
functions of the machinery. Common HMIs include video monitors, joysticks, buttons, switches, and
keyboards.

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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION STEPES

1) Preparing Electrical Layout Drawings and Schematic Drawings based on Architectural Drawings.
2) Calculates the Electrical Loads, Currents, Cable sizes and the Protective devices for the Electrical Installation.
3) Determine Electrical Specifications
4) List out Material and Component requirements.
5) Temporary Electric Installation and Underground Conduit: Installation of a temporary electric pole takes
place here since there is a lot of machinery that operates on electricity. This is because at the construction
site there is no electricity connection yet.
6) Decide Main Distribution Board locations
7) Laying of Electrical Conduits
 The slab conduits for house wiring should be 2 mm thick and 25 mm in size for PVC conduits. Lay the
slab conduits between the top and bottom reinforcement.
 Start by running the longest wires first to avoid wastage conduits in walls even if you don’t anticipate
using them right away. Start each wire upstairs and pull it through to the basement.
 Carry out the concealed conduit work after the construction of masonry walls but before the plastering
work starts
 Lay PVC conduits from the Distribution Board to the Switch positions, to the Ceiling Roses and to Socket
outlets.
 The conduits can be embedded into the wall structure and or lay outside, clipped to the wall or structure.
Instead of PVC conduits and switch boxes, GI conduits and switch boxes are being used for Industrial
type of installations where you need protection for cables from physical damage.
 All metal conduits and boxes must be earthed by connecting to Earth [Ground] wire. In some wooden
structured buildings, the cables are installed inside panels without conduits being used.
 The Cables should be colour coded correctly for Phase [Live or Hot], Neutral and Earth. Distribution
Boards are normally embedded into walls in residences.
8) Install boxes for Switches and Sockets
 Fix the concealed switchboard properly in level based on the architect’s design, for example, distance
and
 Install Distribution Boards and Main Switches
9) Install Cables from Distribution Boards to Switches, Light/Fan points, and Socket outlets [receptacles]
 Conceal the distribution board before the plasterwork
 Fix the DB box in a proper line and level the recess provided in the brickwork
 Ready the box as per the design such as fixing the number of conduits entering the distribution box
 Place the PVC pipes from the given entry holes only
10) Install Earth Electrode for the Electrical System.
11) Install Lights, Switches, Sockets and other accessories.
12) Install the switch boxes for Light Switches and Socket outlets at the required positions.
13) Install the Ceiling roses where the Lights should be.
14) Test the Installation and obtain Test Certificate
15) Obtain Service Connection from Power Utility Company
16) Ready for Commissioning of the Electrical Installation.
 LUX: the SI unit of illuminance, Lux is used to measure the amount of light output in a given area - one
lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. It enables us to measure the total "amount" of visible light
present and the intensity of the illumination on a surface. Thus, it is important in what direction the light
source shines. Illuminance is a measure of how much luminous flux is spread over a given area.
 LUMEN: Lumen is the unit of the light current. This indicates the total amount of light emitted by the
light source, no matter what direction it is. In Lumen, efficiency is especially important because it
indicates how efficient the light source converts power into light. This is called the Lumen / Watts ratio
(Lm / W). With LED lights this value is much higher because they need less power to generate a particular
Lumen current
 The difference: The difference between lumen and lux is that the lux takes into account the area over
which the luminous flux (lumens) is spread. A flux of 1000 lumens, concentrated into an area of one
square metre, lights up that square metre with an illuminance of 1000 Lux.

19
SAFETY MEASURE IN ELECTRICAL SERVICE IN BUILDING

1. Grounding: To prevent electrical hazards, always make sure equipment is properly grounded. Electrical
grounding provides an alternate path for electricity to follow, rather than going through a person.
2. Wet Locations: When using electricity in a wet or damp location, including outdoor locations, a Ground
Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) must be used.
3. Lockout/Tag out: When servicing and maintenance tasks involve electricity and electrical equipment,
you must prevent the unexpected start-up of equipment. More information on lockout/tagout
procedures is available on the Hazardous Energy Control page.
4. Personal Protection: Personal protection should come first as compared to any other piece of safety
equipment as it directly protects you against electrical mishaps. The amount of personal protection
required is based on your potential exposure to electricity. Use electrical gloves and footwear while
handling electrical materials as they provide basic safety. Take extra precautions like using a face shield,
fire-resistant helmet and protective eyewear and earmuffs while working with wiring or if you are in
close contact with electrical equipment.
5. Testing equipment: Never handle any electrical wiring or equipment if you don’t know how to operate
it. The electrical power testing equipment provides the necessary protection from unwanted and
potential deadly shocks. Ensure that the worksite is stocked with voltage detectors, clamp meters and
receptacle testers.
6. Cord protectors: One good electric safety practice includes use of safe extension cords and outlet strips.
As an extra measure, use cable covers and cord protectors. Use floor cable protectors for safety and
ensure that they are highly visible to prevent tripping on the worksite.
7. Voltage regulators and circuit breakers: They are critical pieces of safety equipment that curb the
problem before it gets worse. Always use a surge protector to shut off the worksite’s power supply
during an emergency. A voltage regulator helps in preventing equipment damage over time or damage
during a surge of electricity.
8. Risk assessments: Carry out an exhaustive and comprehensive risk assessment before any kind of work
starts on the construction site. This helps in identifying the potential electrical hazards and ensuring that
suitable control measures are in place to prevent them from causing harm to workers.

 LIGHTENING ARRESTERS: A lightning arrester is a device used on electric power systems and
telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the
damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal.
 Arresters are typically installed near critical appliances or points of entry, such as an electrical panel
or near a generator. When potentially dangerous lightning strikes, the arrester activates and diverts
the lightning to ground, where it will disperse harmlessly.
 The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning
surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the
current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth.
 TYPES
 Rod arrester.
 Horn gap arrester.
 Multi gap arrester.
 Expulsion type lightning arrester.
 Valve type lightning arrester
 IMPORTANCE
 Minimizing Property Damage.
 Prevent Damage to Lines. ...
 Avoiding Outlet Surges. ...
 Electromagnetic Interference. ...
 Ease of Use.
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LAWS OF ILLUMINATION

 Illumination is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of the source.

 Inverse square law – The illumination of a surface receiving its flux from a point source is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the surface and the source.
 If a source of light which emits light equally in all directions be placed at the centre of a hollow sphere,
the light will fall uniformly on the inner surface of the sphere, that is to say, each square mm of the
surface will receive the same amount of light. If the sphere be replaced by one of the larger radius, the
same total amount of light is spread over a larger area proportional to the square of the radius. The
amount which falls upon any square mm of such a surface will, therefore, diminish as the radius
increases, and will be inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
 Lambert’s cosine law – The illumination of a surface at any point is proportional to the cosine of the
angle between the normal at the point and the direction of the luminous flux.

FULLY LUMEN METHOD

 The method is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance

criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. In its simplest
form, the lumen method is merely the total number of lumens available in
a room divided by the area of the room.
 This method is applicable to those cases where the sources of light are such
as to produce an approximate uniform illumination over the working plane
or where an average value is required
 From the size of lamp or lamps employed and from their efficiency total lumens output are determined.
Multiplying the total lumens output from the source by coefficient of utilization, the lumens received on
the working plane are determined. If the lamps and surroundings are not perfectly clean, then in
determination of lumens received on working plane, the depreciation factor or maintenance factor
should be included.

POINT BY POINT METHOD

 A method to calculate the horizontal illuminance on a work plane within a

space, as well as its uniformity. Only the direct illumination from the
luminaires to the work plane is taken into account.
 The illuminance at each point is determined by applying the inverse square
law and the cosine law to the intensity data for each luminaire under the
given angle.
 This method is applicable where the illumination at a point due to one or more sources of light is
required, the candle powers of the sources in the particular direction under consideration being known.
 If a polar curve of lamp and its reflector giving candle powers of the lamp in different directions is known,
the illumination at any point within the range of the lamp can be calculated from the inverse square law.
If two and more than two lamps are illuminating the same working plane, the illumination due to each
can be calculated and added.
 This method is not much used because of its complicated and cumbersome applications. It is employed
only in some special problems, such as flood lighting, yard lighting etc.

IMPORTANCE OF ILLUMINATION

 Promotes comfort, safety and wellness

 Ensures higher productivity
 Improve Health
 Add Value to building
 Create A Focal Point
 Add Ambiance.

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