Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Grade 11 Quarter I 2nd Semester week 1

Activity Sheet 1

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Date: ______________

Grade Level/Section: __________________________________________________

INSTALL ELECTRICAL LIGHTING SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY OUTLETS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES (EL)

Choose appropriate lighting fixtures for specific tasks.

Light fixtures are considered the jewelry of a home. When you choose the right lighting fixture, it
automatically improves the look of your space. While some people may deem it as a design glitch, good
lighting coupled with the right lighting fixture is truly everything. They provide a great way to showcase your
style and personality.
Effective use of lighting is integral to the retail experience. Lighting is a powerful tool that sets the
mood of the store and can be used to draw attention to highlighted products. There are four main types of
lighting that are used in a retail setting: Ambient, Task, Accent and Decorative.
1. Ambient lighting
Ambient lighting refers to the store’s main lighting. You need to ensure your customers have enough
light to feel comfortable in the store. Too dim and the store looks dingy, making it difficult to read
product labels and making customers uncomfortable. On the other hand, if the lighting is too bright it
is also uncomfortable for customers. How many lights, and how bright they are, will depend on the
size of your space. A large, warehouse style space with high ceilings will require lots of powerful
lights since they will be hung fairly high up and need to illuminate a large area. A small store will
require dimmer, less powerful lights in order to achieve the same level of lighting.
2. Task lighting
Task lighting refers to lights that are focused on areas of the store that require lighter, such as the tills
and the changing rooms. Customers need more light in the changing room so they can accurately
assess the fit and look of the items they are trying on. Your cashiers need extra light so they can better
see their tills and do their jobs more effectively. Task lighting is also useful for highlighting your store’s
sign and the entrance area so that customers can clearly read your store’s name and are welcomed into
the store.
3. Accent lighting
Accent lighting is lighting that can be used to highlight specific areas in order to draw customer attention
to specific products and give customers the sense that these products are important and noteworthy.
Accent lighting is an excellent way to highlight seasonal products and to highlight specific products on
shelves or in display nooks. Accent lighting is also very effective in window displays since they visually
emphasize your products and help bring people into your store.
4. Decorative lighting
Decorative lighting is all about visual appeal and much less focused on illumination. Light fixtures play a
huge role in this lighting as they need to be beautiful and decorative. Decorative lighting can also be
used to invoke nostalgic feelings, such as using a string of small white lights in a winter holiday display to
invoke childhood memories in customers.

Light fixtures are classified by how the fixture is installed, the light function or lamp type.

Free-standing or portable
• Table lamp fixtures, standard lamp fixtures, and office task light luminaires.
➢ Balanced-arm lamp is a spot light with an adjustable arm such as anglepoise,.
 ➢ Gooseneck (fixture) - is a semi-rigid, flexible joining element made from a coiled metal hose.
Similar to its natural counterpart, it can be bent in almost any direction and remain in that
position.

➢ A nightlight is a small light fixture, usually electrical, placed for comfort or convenience in dark
areas or areas that may become dark at certain times, such as at night or in an emergency.
Small long-burning candles serving a similar function are referred to as "tealights".

• Floor Lamp
➢ Torch lamp or torchières are floor lamps with an upward-facing shade. They provide general
lighting to the rest of the room.
Fixed

• Ceiling Dome – Also called the light source(s) are hidden behind a translucent dome typically made of
glass, with some combination of frosting and surface texturing to diffuse the light. These can be flush-
mount fixtures mounted into the ceiling, or semi-flush fixtures separated by a small distance (usually
about 3–12").
➢ Open ceiling dome – the translucent dome is suspended a short distance below the ceiling by a
mechanism that is hidden with the exception of a screw-knob or other device appearing on the
outer dome face, and pulling this knob releases the dome.
➢ Enclosed ceiling dome the translucent dome mates with a ring that is mounted flush with the
ceiling.
• Recessed light – the protective housing is concealed behind a ceiling or wall, leaving only the fixture
itself exposed. The ceiling-mounted version is often called a downlight.

• Surface-mounted light
➢ A chandelier is a branched ornamental light fixture designed to be mounted on ceilings or
walls. Chandeliers are often ornate, and normally use incandescent light bulbs, though some
modern designs also use fluorescent lamps and recently LEDs.

➢ Pendant light – suspended from the ceiling with a chain or pipe

➢ Sconce – provide up or down lights; can be used to illuminate artwork, architectural details;
commonly used in hallways or as an alternative to overhead lighting.
➢ Track lighting fixture – individual fixtures ("track heads") can be positioned anywhere along the
track, which provides electric power.

➢ Under-cabinet light – mounted below kitchen wall cabinets.

➢ display Case or Showcase light – shows merchandise on display within an enclosed case such
as jewelry, grocery stores, and chain stores.

➢ Ceiling fan – May sometimes have a light, often referred to as a light kit mounted to it.
 ➢ emergency light is a battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically when a
building experiences a power outage. Emergency lights are standard in new commercial and
high occupancy residential buildings, such as college dormitories, apartments, and hotels.
Most building codes require that they be installed in older buildings as well.

➢ Solar lamp

➢ Street light

➢ Yard light

Special-purpose lights
• Christmas lights – also called fairy lights or twinkle lights and are often used at Christmas and other
holidays for decoration.
 • Dock light - provides light for boating safety. Typically affixed atop pilings or directly upon the dock
floor itself.

• Flood light a large, powerful light, typically one of several used to illuminate a sports field, a stage, or
the exterior of a building.

• Traffic light

Activity 1.1:
Multiple Choice: Read and analyze each sentences. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on a blank before the number.
______1. It provides up or down lights; can be used to illuminate artwork, architectural details; commonly used
in hallways or as an alternative to overhead lighting.
A. Scone C. Ambient light
B. Flood Light D. Traffic Lights
______2. A light mounted under the cabinets
A. Chandelier C. under the cabinet’s lights
B. Flood Light D. Traffic Lights
______3. individual fixtures can be positioned anywhere along the track, which provides electric power.
A. Track light Fixtures B. solar light C. garden lights D. lights
______4. Most building codes require that they be installed in older buildings as well.
A. emergency exits C. emergency wall lights
B. emergency lights D. emergency ball lights
______5. provides light for boating safety.
A. Stadium lights D. Runway Lights C. Dock Lights D. Eagle Lights
______6. is a branched ornamental light fixture designed to be mounted on ceilings or walls.
A. Flood lights D. chandelier C. Dock Lights D. track light
______7. shows merchandise on display within an enclosed case such as jewelry, grocery stores, and chain
stores.
A. Show lights D. Boat lights C. Room Lights D. Store light
______8. suspended from the ceiling with a chain or pipe.
A. Pendant lights D. Track lights C. emergency Lights D. Solar light
______9. the protective housing is concealed behind a ceiling or wall, leaving only the fixture itself exposed.
A. Recessed lights D. Building lights C. Christmas Lights D. Solar light
______10. refers to lights that are focused on areas of the store that require lighter, such as the tills and the
changing rooms.
A. Ambient lights D. Accent lights C. Decorative Lights D. Task light

Activity 1.2
Essay: Why do we need to choose Lighting Fixtures in our Work or Task in INSTALLING ELECTRICAL
LIGHTING SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY OUTLETS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES.

Activity 1.3

Draw At least 5 Different types of lighting Fixtures.

Closure

What an accomplishment! You have now mastered your skill in Occupational Health and Safety
Procedure. Good Job!
 Electrical Installation and Maintenance Activity Sheets
Grade 11 Quarter I 2nd Semester week 2

Activity Sheet 2

Name of Learner: __________________________________Date: ______________

Grade Level/Section: __________________________________________________

INSTALL ELECTRICAL LIGHTING SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY OUTLETS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES (EL)

Incandescent light bulb

History and Development
➢ The history of the incandescent bulb is centered on the development of filament types, so we will organize it by
filaments.
Platinum and Iridium Filaments: 1802 -1880's
➢ Humphry Davy created the first incandescent light by passing current through a platinum strip. It caused a glow and did
not last long, but marked the beginning of incandescent light development. Experimenters continued over the next 70
years to use platinum and iridium. Frederick de Moleyns used a platinum filament in an evacuated glass tube to make a
light bulb. It was only mildly successful due to a blackening of the bulb, which blocked light output. Combustion of the
filament material and blackening on the upward side of the bulb was a frustrating consistent problem for early lamp
inventors. The platinum material was also expensive.

➢ Early inventors knew that making a vacuum in a bulb would help reduce blackening and lengthen bulb life, the problem
was ways to better create a vacuum had to be developed. Heinrich Geissler was one of the early physicists to develop a
good pump and system. Still, early bulb inventors 1802 - 1879 lacked a system good enough. As is typical with
invention, many know the answer, but other technological developments are needed to move forward.

Carbonized Threads and Paper: 1860's – 1883

➢ Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison independently hit success by making a bulb that would last a reasonable
number of hours.
➢ Swan used carbonized paper to create his early filaments.
➢ Edison first used carbonized sewing thread as a filament, he managed to get it inside a vacuum. This made his
first practical lightbulb. He used carbonized sewing threads until 1880. Then he used paper bristol board.
(Carbonized paper) This move increased lamp life to 600 hours.
➢ Why Edison Triumphed: Joseph Swan worked on the incandescent light idea since 1850. Swan did not succeed
because he used only a partial vacuum in his bulb. He also used a carbonized paper filament. Edison figured out
how to create a pure vacuum in his bulbs. He did this by heating up the bulb at the same time that he pumped out
the air. He used a Sprengle pump.
 ➢ Bamboo brings great improvements: 1883: As the story goes Edison was using a fan on a hot day, he unwound fine
bamboo on a fold-out oriental fan. He carbonized it and tested it as a filament. He send assistants to Japan to find the type
of bamboo that was used in that fan. They found it and imported the filaments.
➢ The first bamboo filaments had a square shape because they were cut from larger pieces using a certain process. He
electroplated the bamboo directly to the lead in wires to avoid the high cost of platinum clamps. Later he used carbon
paste to adhere the bamboo to the lead in wires.

Cellulose Filaments: 1881 – 1904

➢ Sir Joseph Swan developed the cellulose filament in 1881, however Edison continued to use bamboo filaments
until the creation of General Electric in 1892. Cellulose filaments were replaced by Willis Whitney's GEM lamp
filaments.
GEM Lamp Metallized Filaments: 1904 - 1907
➢ Willis Whitney of GE Schenectady develops a way to bake a carbon filament at 3000 C to create a filament that behaves
much like metal. This improves efficiency by 25 %. This filament was used in the famous Mazda lamps which produced
a very bright light.
Sintered Tungsten Filaments: 1904 -1911
➢ In 1904 sintered tungsten is developed by Alexander Just and Franz Hanaman (Austria). Tungsten improves the lamps
efficiency by 100 % and is used by GE in 1907 after it buys the rights for it.
➢ Tungsten and Molybdenum filaments were used by A.N. Lodygin (Russia) in a 1900 "Exposition Universelle" in Paris
Ductile Tungsten Filaments: 1908 - today
➢ William D. Coolidge had been working with tungsten which proved to be a superior material for a long lasting lightbulb
over any other material to date. Previous sintered tungsten filaments had been efficient, but brittle and not practical.
Coolidge figured out how to heat tungsten and draw it out through heated dies of decreasing diameter. The result of his
work was a workable, bendable (ductile) wire that was high strength and made a great filament material. The new
material was used in bulbs in 1911 and this is still used today. See our inventors section below for more advancements in
the incandescent bulb.
The future of incandescent lamps:
➢ The Incandescent lamp has been in the average household for more than 120 years. In the last decade a major initiative to
develop more efficient lightbulbs has replaced much of the world's bulbs with compact fluorescents. There has been
significant resistance to bans on the incandescent bulb
Inventors and Developments

1802 Sir Humphry Davy discovers incandescence in a platinum wire. He also

is the discoverer of the first electric lamp type: the carbon arc lamp.

England

1841 Frederick de Moleyns patented a incandescent lamp within a glass bulb and a
partial vacuum. He is one of many people working on the incandescent light bulb from 1840
to the 1870s. Many French and Germans contributed to research on the incandescent bulb.
Moleyns is exceptional and helped others build on the idea.

England

1879 Sir Joseph Swan began working with the incandescent light long before Edison,
however his biggest breakthrough was developed at the same time as Edison. Swan used
carbonized paper as a filament in a partially evacuated bulb, this lasted several hours, which
was a great achievement compared to the scores of inventors who couldn't get
incandescence to last. Swan continued to improve the bulb.

England
 1879 Thomas Edison is the most celebrated of incandescent inventors. He
was able to succeed in creating the first reliable (therefore marketable) light bulb.
His bulbs made after 1880 lasted a whopping 600 hours. He then hired lots of
talented engineers and created the world's most famous "invention factory".

West Orange, New Jersey

1902 Werner von Bolton discovered that using tantalum for a filament increased
efficiency, durability and bulb life. The age of metallic filaments had begun and Siemens and
Halske held the patent.

Germany

1904 Willis Whitney counters the threat from the tantalum lamp with the GEM
lamp: a unique process which creates a metallized filament. The GEM lamp is used in the
Mazda series by General Electric.

Schenectady, New York

1904 Alexander Just and Franz Hanaman patent a sintered tungsten filament.
Tungsten proves to be a good material, however it is fragile and hard to work with. It is a
step towards the modern bulb

Austria

1908 William D. Coolidge revolutionizes the lightbulb by figuring out how to make
tungsten ductile. This allows the lightbulb to be more durable, long lasting, and easily coiled
(coiling is key to making more surface area and therefore more light). The invention is
implemented in 1911. His invention is used in many other lamp types later on including the
fluorescent, halogen, MH, mercury vapor, and other lamps.

Schenectady, New York

1912 Irving Langmuir developed 3 important improvements to the bulb: He worked

with Lewi Tonks to develop an argon & Nitrogen-filled bulb, he also developed the tight
coiled filament, and pioneered a thin molecular hydrogen coating on the inside of the bulb.
All of these dramatically improved the bulb.

Schenectady, New York

 1921 Junichi Miura at Tokyo Electric (this facility is now part of Toshiba) developed
the double coiled filament. This greatly improved luminous efficacy and helped efficiency.
Later others figured out how to mass produce this improvement.

Notice on the photo left how the large coil is made of another coiled wire

Japan

1925 / 1947 Marvin Pipkin developed the frosted etched bulb and later the silica
coating on the inside of the bulb. These advancements helped diffuse the light, reduce glare
with only 3-5% loss in light output.

Cleveland, Ohio

Flashbulbs
➢ The traditional flashbulb is another type of incandescent lightbulb. Early flash bulbs used a aluminum, zirconium, or
magnesium filament or aluminum foil. Current was passed through the material and it glowed. The melting and boiling
point of aluminum, magnesium or zirconium is so low that the lamp would vaporize the metal, which further intensified
the brightness. Early lamps would last one flash and had to be replaced. Early flashbulbs often had an Edison type screw
in thread like a regular lightbulb. Later lamps could last a few flashes. Later on disposable flash bulb arrays were
developed to allow many flashes without switching bulbs.
➢ One of the greatest challenges in developing a flash bulb is not the bulb itself but timing the bulb to match the camera
shutter. This improved with the development of solid-state electronics in the 1950s.
 ➢ Modern flashbulbs found on most cameras are no longer incandescent bulbs. They are tiny xenon arc tubes. An electric
arc is formed through xenon gas. These have the great advantage of being reusable. They have the disadvantage of being
a shorter duration than incandescent flash bulbs. This means they have to be more precisely time

1927 ?? at General Electric and Johannes Ostermeier both independently develop

the first non-magnesium electric flashbulb. It is much safer than older bulbs. The General
Electric Product is called the Sashalite. This light replaced dangerous magnesium powder
lights. The new lamps burned aluminum foil in a bulb filled with oxygen. Ostermeier
produced a product called the Vacublitz.

Schenectady, New York

1934 Philips Corp. Unknown inventor created the first modern flashbulb: it has a
wire in an evacuated bulb. The wire burns ups in a more effective way than
aluminum sheets of foil. This design has not changed much.

Nederlands

1960s ?? at Kodak develops the flashcube which has four single use small flash
bulbs. The cube can be rotated to use the new bulb

Rochester, New York

1968 John D. Harnden Jr. develops a both a static electronic photoflash assembly
(1968) and disposable flashbulb lamp(1971) along with Bill Kornrumpf. The array of flash
bulbs removes the need for replacing the bulb. This long plastic bar of bulbs was popular in
the 1970s and 80s. Harnden also developed precise timing devices for the bulbs that used
semiconductors which were new at the time.

Schenectady, New York

1968 William P. Kornrumpf developed the photoflash bulb assembly and disposable
flashbulb array for low cost cameras along with John D. Harnden.

Schenectady, New York

 Activity 2.1:
Multiple Choice: Read and analyze each sentences. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on a blank before the number.
______1. independently develop the first non-magnesium electric flashbulb.
A. Johannes Ostermeier C. John D. Harnden Jr
B. William P. Kornrumpf D. Kodak
______2. developed the double coiled filament.
A. Marvin Pipkin C. John D. Harnden Jr.
B. Junichi Miura D. William P. Kornrumpf
______3. discovers incandescence in a platinum wire. He also is the discoverer of the first electric lamp type: the
carbon arc lamp.
A. Humphry Davy B. Frederick de Moleyns C. Joseph Swan D. Junichi Miura

______4. counters the threat from the tantalum lamp with the GEM lamp: a unique process which creates a
metallized filament.
A. Willis Whitney C. John D. Harnden Jr.
B. Frederick de Moleyns D. Alexander Just
______5. patent a sintered tungsten filament. Tungsten proves to be a good material, however it is fragile and
hard to work with..
A. Alexander Just and Franz Hanaman
B. General Electric and Johannes Ostermeier
C. Philips Corp. Unknown inventor
D. Thomas Edison and Werner von Bolton
______6. the most celebrated of incandescent inventors.
A. Werner von Bolton B. Thomas Edison C. John D. Harnden Jr. D. Alexander Just
______7. began working with the incandescent light long before Edison, however his biggest breakthrough was
developed at the same time as Edison.
A. Joseph Swan B. Thomas Edison C. John D. Harnden Jr. D. Alexander Just
______8. patented a incandescent lamp within a glass bulb and a partial vacuum. He is one of many people
working on the incandescent light bulb from 1840 to the 1870s.
A. Thomas Edison D. Frederick de Moleyns C. Joseph Swan D. Willis Whitney
______9. developed the frosted etched bulb and later the silica coating on the inside of the bulb.
A. Marvin Pipkin D. Junichi Miura C. Irving Langmuir D. William D. Coolidge
______10. developed 3 important improvements to the bulb: He worked with Lewi Tonks to develop an argon &
Nitrogen-filled bulb, he also developed the tight coiled filament, and pioneered a thin molecular hydrogen coating
on the inside of the bulb.
A. Marvin Pipkin D. Junichi Miura C. Irving Langmuir D. William D. Coolidge

Activity 2.2:
Draw the Inventors of the modern Incandescent Lamp in a Short bond paper.

Closure

What an accomplishment! You have now mastered your skill in Electrical materials and tools for specific job
order. Good Job!