LIGHTING & TYPES OF Ar.

Akanksha jadhav

LIGHTING
Sdpcoa.islampur.
LIGHTING
Lighting is a form of energy without which there can be no vision. When light strikes an
object, It may be reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass through.

TYPES OF LIGHT

SOURCE BASED CLASSIFICATION

1. NATURAL LIGHT :The bright radiant energy of the sun, daylight, is a major
determining factor in the design of hotel guestrooms and homes, especially where large
wall areas have been decorated with glass.

2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT : Well planned artificial illumination helps us to see without

strain and helps to prevent accidents. It makes a vital contribution to the attractiveness of
homes and hotels.
CONSIDERATIONS OF GOOD LIGHTING
LIGHTING
2. •a. Incandescent
ARTIFICI •b. Fluorescent light
•c. Led light
SUNLIGHT
AL LIGHT

1.
•a. Sunlight
NATURAL •b. Moonlight
LIGHT
MOONLIGHT

LED LIGHTING
FLUROSCENT LIGH
INCANDECENT LIGHT
Characteristics of Daylight or natural light
• Available in abundance
• Very high lumen
• Good for colour recognisation
• Good for comfort
• Even availability throughout the day if obtained from north or top lighting
• Glare free when obtained from north,
• Other directions give glare at one time and inadequate light at other times
• This source of light is Energy efficient.
i.e. it has o recurring costs.

Artificial light
• Available all the time in required quantity
• Adequate lumen possible
• Colour rendering adjustable
• Comfort is adjustable
• Energy cost is high
Daylight factors depends on
• Sky conditions
• Size, shape and position of window:
• The effect of obstructions
• Reflection of light from other sources
a) Sky component: As available from hemisphere excluding direct sunlight
on a horizontal surface is compared with the given surface.
b) External reflected component: Is the reflection from an external surface
in comparison with the unobstructed hemisphere.
c) Internal reflected component is the light received from reflection from
internal surfaces as compared with the unobstructed hemisphere.
d) Reflection of light from external and internal surfaces: Direct reflection
from external component, or internal component excluding direct sunlight
should be considered as source of natural lighting.
Daylight factors also depend on climatic conditions. Hot dry conditions
generally require less amount of window area (1/8 of floor area). Hot humid
conditions require more opening. (Generally 1/6 of floor area) The areas in
between shall have openings equal to 1/7 of floor area.
TYPES OF LIGHT :
FIXTURE BASED CLASSIFICATION

1.DIRECT LIGHTING
Direct light is one in which 90% of the light
from the light source goes in the direction of
object. This gives a very high intensity of light
and strong shades and shadows. This is good for
dramatic highlighting of objects

This kind of light comes from the

sources such as ceiling fixtures or
luminous ceiling that shed light
downward, or from lamps
with translucent shades spreading
light in all directions.
2. INDIRECT LIGHTING
In this type of lighting, 90% of the light
reaches the object after travelling in opposite
direction. It hits a vertical or horizontal
surface in the opposite direction before
reaching the desired area. This gives nearly
shadow-less, soft, even light. It is generally
free from glare.

This is usually from concealed sources in

alcoves, cornices, or valances. It may also

come froma lamp with an opaque shade open

only at the top – light is hence thrown against

the ceiling or washes against the wall and is

reflected back into the room.It is soften than

the direct but often more costly in both

installation and operation.

3. DIFFUSED LIGHTING
When light fitting are completely
enclosed or concealed, as with
some globes and ceiling panels,
the light is diffused since it
passes through the glass or
plastic. Diffused lighting is also
glare- free and produces a flat
appearance.
4. SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING
It is possible to have some
light passing through a
diffusing bowl and some
reflecting off the ceiling
where the fixture is open
on top.
TYPES OF LIGHT
FUNCTION BASED CLASSIFICATION
• GENERAL OR AREA LIGHTING
• LOCAL OR SPECIFIC LIGHTING
• SAFETY LIGHTING
1. GENERAL OR AREA LIGHTING
General lighting system is one in
which nearly the same amount of light
is thrown out by the lamp in all the
direction and hence gives very simple
plane light.
This illuminates the room more or less
uniformly.
It brings the design and colors of the
whole space to equal attention.
It minimizes the bulkiness of furniture,
the darkness of shadows, and harsh
contrasts
General lighting is typically provided
by evenly distributed overhead lights.
2. AMBIENT LIGHTING

• Also known as background

or ‘mood’ lighting, 
ambient lighting creates a soft
glow that gently illuminates
an area without causing glare
. 
• Light fixtures such as
upward facing 
wall lights can be effective at
creating ambient lighting
3. LOCAL OR SPECIFIC
LIGHTING

Specific activities at specific

locations need specific
lighting. Local lighting can
be provided by lamps at
strategic points.
This lighting may be either
by way of task lighting or
accent lighting.
A. ACCENT OR FEATURE LIGHTING
This type of lighting is used to
provide texture and focus to
general lighting, and can draw
attention to items on display such as
artwork, while shadowing other 
areas. 
Accent lighting might be provided
by spotlights,Table lamps landscape
 
lighting, and so on.
 B. TASK LIGHTING
• Task lighting is focussed, local 
lighting used to illuminate a
specific area where a task is, or may
be, performed.
• It is used as a contrasting light,
which produces less general glare
 than if brighter lights were used to 
light an entire room.
Typical examples of task lighting 
include; desk, swing arm, and floor 
lamps, under cabinet and vanity 
lights, pendant and track lights.
5. SAFETY OR SECURITY LIGHTING
As the name suggests this
type of bright lighting is used for
safety reasons in areas such
as stairways, along corridors
swimming pools and by way
of emergency lighting.

 This may be turned on throughout

the hours of darkness, to give visibility of an insecure area, or it

may be turned on temporarily, for example when a person
arrives at a property, sometimes activated by a linked detector
METHODS OF LIGHTING
A. ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILT-IN LIGHTING
• Valance Lighting
• Cornice Lighting
• Cove Lighting
• Track Lighting
• Soffit Lighting
B. NON-ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
• Ceiling Fixtures
• Wall Fixtures
• Portable Lamps
ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILT-IN LIGHTING
1. VALANCE LIGHTING
A horizontal fluorescent tube
is placed behind a valance
boards, casting light upward
so that it reflects off the ceiling
and also downwards to shine
on the drapery, thus producing
both direct and indirect lighting.
2. CORNICE LIGHTING

A cornice is installed under

the ceiling, with a fixture
hidden beneath so as to
direct light downwards
only. This can give a dramatic
effect on drapery, pictures and
wall coverings.
3. COVE LIGHTING
This consists of placing
continuous series of fluorescent
tubes in a groove along one
or more walls of a room,
about the room in indirect light.
4.TRACK LIGHTING
Track lighting consists of lamps
fixed to the ceiling or wall in
an array to offer great variety.
One strip often holds spot light,
floodlights, and even hanging
fixtures that may be turned
around to follow furniture
placement. The tracks can
themselves be movable as well, for still more flexible
arrangements.
5.SOFFIT LIGHTING

This refers to built in light source

under a panel. It may be fixed
to a ceiling or under a cabinet.
Soffit lighting is often used over
a sink or other work areas.
B. NON-ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
• Ceiling Fixtures
• Wall Fixtures
• Portable Lamps
1. CEILING FIXTURE

These are recessed into the ceiling

or set flush with it. They may soften
light of diffuse. Some may be in
form of soft luminous panels that
illuminates large areas evenly.
2. WALL FIXTURE

These remain out of the way

and free table and desk
surfaces for other things.
At the same time, they give
direct light where it is needed.
3. PORTABLE LAMPS

Floor and table lamps can

be moved when and where
needed. They also act
as decorative accessories.
Dimmers
A dimmer is a device used to vary the electrical power
delivered to the instrument’s lamp.
As power to the lamp decreases, the light fades or dims
Fades can be either UP or DOWN, that is increasing or
decreasing the intensity.
Today, most dimmers are solid state, although many
mechanical dimmers still exist.
Dimmers are often found in large racks that draw large
amounts of three-phase electrical power.
The dimmers themselves are often removable modules
that range from a 20-amp, 2.4 Kilowatt unit to a 50-amp
or even a 100-amp .
 The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI derived unit of illuminance,
measuring luminous flux per unit area.  It is equal to one 
lumen per square metre. In photometry, this is used as a
measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of 
light that hits or passes through a surface.  One lux is equal
to one lumen per square metre:
1 lx = 1 lm/m2 = 1 cd·sr/m2.
A flux of 1000 lumens, spread uniformly over an area of 1
square metre, lights up that square metre with an
illuminance of 1000 lux. However, the same 1000 lumens
spread out over 10 square metres produces a dimmer
illuminance of only 100 lux.
Fluorescent lighting depends on a chemical reaction inside of a glass tube
to create light. This chemical reaction involves gases and mercury vapor
interacting, which produces an invisible UV light. That invisible UV light
illuminates the phosphor powder coating the inside of the glass tube,
emitting white "fluorescent" light
LED ( LIGHT EMITTING DIODE )
Dimmers
A dimmer is a device used to vary the electrical power
delivered to the instrument’s lamp.
As power to the lamp decreases, the light fades or dims
Fades can be either UP or DOWN, that is increasing or
decreasing the intensity.
Today, most dimmers are solid state, although many
mechanical dimmers still exist.
Dimmers are often found in large racks that draw large
amounts of three-phase electrical power.
The dimmers themselves are often removable modules
that range from a 20-amp, 2.4 Kilowatt unit to a 50-amp
or even a 100-amp .
Illumination in shops and show windows
Lighting should be divided into three areas, display, working and
circulation.

A)Display: The display should be illuminated as per the needs. Lights

should be focused on the display in such a way as not to throw glare on the
face of the observer. The light over showcases should be so arranged as to
illuminate the goods but not to throw reflection from the show window /
showcase glass pane.

B)The lights on the counter and working areas should be bright in order to
see details of goods. Lights should be so arranged as not to put glare in the
eyes of the customer.

C)In addition to focused light there should be general lighting in the shop
circulation area. This can be comfortably low so as only to see the
circulation.
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Illumination of Auditorium
Auditorium stage has focus lights, foot lights, general wash lights, front of
the house lights etc.

The lighting in the auditorium must be placed in such a way as not to cast
shadow of nose. This is done by having an angle of incidence of 45 O .

The lights ate fitted over battens for flexibility.

General lighting in auditorium hall is done in ceiling. The gangways in the

auditorium may be illuminated with help of lights fitted in the sides of the
seats. This helps in the movement of people in during the show.
Lighting in the foyers, toilets and general areas shall be of general type.
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Illumination of exhibition areas
Illumination should be divided into Display and general area.
A) The display should be illuminated at an angle of about 45 O . The lighting
should give a clear focused wash of light over vertical display surfaces.
Care should be taken as not to cast to a shadow of the observer on the
display surface.

B)The display on horizontal surfaces should be focused.

C) The display of three D should be such as to cast adequate shadows to

enhance the form

D) The display of miniature should be done with as the observer comes very
close to the object

E) General illumination should be provided.

F) The angles and position of the fittings should be adjustable to suit the
various layouts of display. Generally fitting is done over battens to give the
necessary flexibility of layout.
Lighting in industrial building
The industrial buildings need very specific lighting

Lighting in the working areas must be such that the intensity is adequate for
the type of work.

The work can be divided into various categories like manual or unskilled
work, precision jobs where the use of sight is important and very high
precision jobs like jewellery work etc.

Work benches for jewellery manufacture or watch-repair jobs will have

high intensity of light for specific area over the bench.

Depending on the type of jobs to be performed, the amount of illumination

is provided. Work done in more precise quality will need more
illumination.

The storage areas and circulation areas need very less amount of light.
The quality of light should be uniform, should not cast very strong shadows
and should be glare free.
Lighting in office areas.

The general intensity of lights in the office areas is such as to suit the
working as well as general illumination.

Lighting may be done on higher intensity level for drafting areas. The
working tables should preferably get lights from the left side so as not to
cast shadows. The lighting should preferably be shadow-less.

Specific lighting may be done in waiting areas and cabins.

Lighting in working areas with computers.

Lighting in working areas with computers should be such that there is no
reflection of light fittings or the light-wash or accent into the screen.

The illumination should be general and comforting to the eye as against

the brightness of screen.

It should not create a discomforting contrast between the screen and the
area behind