1.

Write short notes on

a. accent lighting
b. halogen lamps
c. flood lighting
d. Glare

ANSWER 1. a. ACCENT LIGHTING, also called highlighting, emphasizes objects

by focusing light directly on them. Accent lighting is used inside and
outside the home to feature locations such as an entrance or to create
dramatic effects. Points of visual interest can be created by highlighting
artwork, fireplaces, plants, textured walls, or architectural details.

b. HALOGEN is a type of lighting technology that is essentially an enhanced

version of incandescent. Just like with incandescent light bulbs, the
electrical current enters the socket and travels up to the tungsten
filament, heating up the filament to incandescence. Halogen light bulbs
have tungsten filaments housed in a quartz capsule and filled with iodine
and bromine gases.

c. A FLOODLIGHT is a broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial light. They are

often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an outdoor sports
event is being held during low-light conditions. More focused kinds are
often used as a stage lighting instrument in live performances such as
concerts and plays.

d. GLARE is the loss of visual performance or discomfort produced by an

intensity of light in the visual field g reater than the intensity of light to
which the eyes are adapted. Simply put, glare occurs when too much light
enters your eye and interferes with your eye’s ability to manage it. Glare
can be distracting and even dangerous and can occur day or night in a
number of ways. Glare may come directly from a light source or be
reflected. There are four types of glares: Distracting glare, discomforting
glare, disabling glare, and blinding glare.

2. Explain the illumination and laws of illumination.

ANSWER 2. The luminous flux (It is the light energy radiations coming
from a body e.g., electric lamp.) falling per unit area of a surface is known
as illumination.

Laws of illumination are: -

i) Illumination is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of the
source.

ii) INVERSE SQUARE LAW – The illumination of a surface receiving its flux
from a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the surface and the source.

iii) LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW – The illumination of a surface at any point is

proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal at the point and
the direction of the luminous flux.

3. What are different types of lamps used for lighting? Explain the
factors that are considered in design of lighting scheme.

ANSWER 3. The different types of lamps used for lighting are:

❖ Incandescent Lamps
❖ Tungsten Halogen Lamps
❖ Fluorescent Lamps
❖ Compact Fluorescent
Lamps
❖ Mercury Vapour Lamps
❖ Metal Halide Lamps
❖ High Pressure Sodium
Vapour Lamps
❖ Low Pressure Sodium
Vapour Lamps
❖ LED Lamps

The factors that are considered in

design of lighting scheme are as
follow: -

LIGHT DISTRIBUTION AND BRIGHTNESS

Daylight is a fantastic resource, but you’ll have to think about how it will
interact with the artificial light inside your building. Windows are definitely
a worthwhile design choice, but you also have to account for the adverse
effects of natural light. These include:
Varying amounts of cloud cover or inclement weather that reduce the
amount of light available
Unwanted heat driving up the temperature in certain areas, causing
inconsistency throughout the office and “thermostat wars”
Glare on computer screens or workspaces, making it difficult or
uncomfortable to get work done.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Many older lighting design types, like incandescent and fluorescents,
consume comparatively huge amounts of energy. In traditional
incandescent bulbs, 90% of the energy they emit is given off as heat, making
them a very wasteful option. Changing bulb types to more effic ient LEDs
can be one of the best ways to save energy .

THE APPEARANCE OF THE SPACE AND LUMINAIRES

With all this talk of efficiency and light interactions, we can’t forget about
the physical appearance of the light fixtures. Lighting design types should
be aesthetically pleasing and match the feel of the office space. Luminaires
refer to different light fixtures and include recessed fixtures, direct and
indirect pendants, under-cabinet lighting, wall wash lights, sconces, and
task lighting, among others. Effective luminaire combinations can create
expertly lit areas.

GLARE
There are a few different types of glare, including direct and reflective
glares. Direct glare refers to the view of a light source, typically in high
contrast to its surroundings. Lamps and sunlight can cause it. Reflective
glare is a little more challenging to deal with, as it comes from items we
work with, like glossy paper, desks, and computer screens. Reflective
glare means you’ll need to consider the surface colors in the room as well
as the diffusion of the light sources. Matte walls and surfaces may help to
reduce reflection glare, while indirect lighting can help reduce glare from
the lights themselves.

THE APPEARANCE OF COLOR

The Kelvin scale measures black body radiation. Oddly e nough, what we
consider to be warm colors, like reddish hues, are lower in temperatures,
and cool colors, such as blue, are higher in temperature. Below is the
typical range of color temperatures.
Warm: 2700K to 3500K. This range would include the color of a sunset.
Neutral: Around 4000K.
Cool: Above 4700K. This color resembles a bright, sunny day.
These different color temperatures can have varying physiological effects
on people.
LIGHTING CONTROL AND FLEXIBILITY
With a comprehensive lighting system, you may need a little more than a
light switch to control them all, especially if you are using smart options
with sensors or automatic responses. Many modern systems can work
wirelessly, which is especially beneficial for retrofitting or for build ings
with hard-to-wire areas. Wireless controls can be placed almost anywhere
and moved or expanded as needed.

LIGHTING OF FACES
Lights influence more than just the bright parts of an office — they also
affect the dark parts. Some styles of lighting incre ase the presence of
shadows and offer themselves to dramatic lighting. We can thank
directional light sources for these three-dimensional effects.

COST OF IMPLEMENTATION
While you consider overhauling an entire lighting system, the associated
costs surely haven’t escaped your mind. Some of the costs involved
include:
❖ Equipment
❖ Installation
❖ Design
❖ Maintenance
❖ Energy
❖ Environment

INSTALLATION
The installation process can vary widely, but one thing is for sure — if you
opt to organize your lighting system you rself, you’ll need an electrician and
maybe a contractor too. That means searching for qualified workers and
the best rates. By using a turnkey energy service provider, you can pass
up on this part of the process and focus instead on keeping your business
moving smoothly.

MAINTENANCE
To get the most out of your light system, you’ll need to maintain it properly.
For some light options, maintenance is no more complicated than taking
out a bulb and replacing it once it has become dim or gone out. Others
require the expertise of specially trained
professionals, including IT personnel and electricians, to care for them
correctly.
4. Explain in brief with neat sketches different types of lighting schemes.

ANSWER 4. Different lighting schemes may be classified as:

DIRECT LIGHTING
As the name indicates, in the form of lighting, the light from the source
falls directly on the object or the surface to be illuminated. With the help
of shades and globes and reflectors of various types, most of the light is
directed in the lower hemisphere and also the brilliant source of light is
kept out of the direct line of vision. Direct illumination by lamps in suitable
reflectors can be supplemented by standard or bracket lamps on desk or
by additional pendant fittings over counters.

INDIRECT LIGHTING
In this form of lighting, light does not reach the surface directly from the
source but indirectly by diffuse reflection. The lamps are either placed
behind a cornice or in suspended opaque bowls. In both cases, a silvered
reflector which is corrugated for eliminating striations is placed beneath
the lamp.
In this way, maximum light is thrown upwards on the ceiling from which it
is distributed all over the room by diffuse reflection. Even gradation of light
on the ceiling is secured by careful adjustment of the position and the
number of lamps.

SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING
This system utilizes luminaries which send most of the light downwards
directly on the working plane but a considerable amount reaches the
ceilings and walls also.
The division is usually 30% upwards and 45% downwards. Such a system is
best suited to rooms with high ceilings where a high level of uniformly -
distributed illumination is desirable. Glare in such units is avoided by using
diffusing globes which not only improve the brigh tness towards the eye
level but improve the efficiency of the system with reference to the working
plane.

SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING
In this system which is, in fact, a compromise between the first two
systems, the light is partly received by diffuse reflecti on and partly direct
from the source. Such a system, therefore, eliminates the objections of
indirect lighting mentioned above. Instead of using opaque bowls with
reflectors, translucent bowls without reflector are used. Most of the light
is, as before, directed upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection and the
rest reaches the working plane directly except for some absorption by the
bowl.

GENERAL DIFFUSING SYSTEMS

In this system, luminaries are employed which have almost equal light
distribution downwards and upwards.

5. With neat sketches explain the construction and working of

a) Incandescent lamp
b) Fluorescent lamps

ANSWER 5.
A) CONSTRUCTION OF INCANDESCENT LAMP: -

a. The filament is attached across two lead wires. One lead wire is
connected to the foot contact
and other is terminated on
the metallic base of the bulb.
Both of the lead wires pass
through glass support
mounted at the lower middle
of the bulb.
b. Two support wires also
attached to glass support,
are used to support filament
at its middle portion. The
foot contact is isolated from
metallic base by insulating
materials. The entire system
 is encapsulated by a colored or phasphare coated or transparent
glass bulb. The glass bulb may be filled with inert gases or it is kept
vacuum depending upon rating of the incandescent lamp.
c. The filament of incandescent lamps is air -tightly evacuated with a
glass bulb of suitable shape and size. This glass bulb is used to
isolate the filament from surrounding air to prevent oxidation of
filament and to minimize convention current surrounding the
filament hence to keep the temperature of the filament high.
d. The glass bulb is either kept vacuum or filled with inert gases like
argon with a small percentage of nitrogen at low pressure. Inert
gases are used to minimize the evaporation of filament during
service of the lamps. But due to convection flow of inert gas inside
the bulb, there will be greater chances of losing the heat of filament
during operation.
e. Again, vacuum is a great insulation o f heat, but it accelerates the
evaporation of filament during operation. In the case of gas -filled
incandescent lamps, 85% of argon mixed with 15% of nitrogen is used.
Occasionally krypton can be used to reduce filament evaporation
because the molecular weight of krypton gas is quite higher.
f. But it costs greater. At about 80% of atmospheric pressure, the
gasses are filled into the bulb. Gas is filled in the bulb with the rating
more than 40 W. But for less than 40 W bulb; there is no gas used.

WORKING OF INCANDESCENT LAMP: -

a. When an object is made hot, the atoms inside the object become
thermally excited. If the object does not melt, the outer orbit
electrons of the atoms jump to higher energy level due to the
supplied energy.
b. The electrons on these higher energy levels are not stable, they
again fall back to lower energy levels. While falling from higher to
lower energy levels, the electrons release their extra energy in a
form of photons. These photons are then emitted from the surface of
the object in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
 c. This radiation will have
different wavelengths. A
portion of the wavelengths
is in the visible range of
wavelengths, and a
significant portion of
wavelengths are in infrared
range. The electromagnetic
wave with wavelengths
within the range of infrared
is heat energy and the
electromagnetic wave with
wavelengths within visible range is light energy.
d. Incandescent means producing visible light by heating an object. An
incandescent lamp works in the same principle. The simpl est form of
the artificial source of light using electricity is an incandescent lamp.
e. Here we use electric current to flow through a thin and fine filament
to produce visible light. The current rises the temperature of the
filament to such extent that it becomes luminous.

B) CONSTRUCTION OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS: -

c) To construct a fluorescent tube light a lime glass tube, drop of
mercury, argon gas, phosphor coating and the electrodes with their
mount assemblies are required.
d) Total set up of a lamp requires two bases and choke coil with a
starter. The electrode mount assembly is almost similar to the stem
press unit in the incandescent
lamps.
e) The filaments play both roles
as anode and cathode.
Generally, small plates are
attached to the filament to
protect it from electron
bombardment and to reduce
the wattage loss at both ends.
f) The electrode is similar to the
incandescent lamp filament.
But an exception is that this filament is dipped in a mixture of barium,
strontium, and calcium carbonate.
g) It is baked during manufacturing to become oxides and thus it
becomes capable of providing the abundance of free electrons easily.

WORKING OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS: -

a) When we switch ON the supply, full voltage comes across the lamp
and as well as across the starter through the ballast. But at that
instant, no discharge happens, i.e., no lumen output from the lamp.
b) At that full voltage first the glow discharge is established in the
starter. This is because the electrodes gap in the neon bulb of starter
is much lesser than that of the fluorescent lamp.
c) Then gas inside the starter gets
ionized due to this full voltage
and heats the bimetallic strip.
That causes to bend the
bimetallic strip to connect to
the fixed contact. Now, current
starts flowing through the
starter. Although the ionization
potential of the neon is more
than that of the argon but still
due to small electrode gap, a
high voltage gradient appears
in the neon bulb and hence glow discharge gets started first in the
starter.
d) As soon as the current starts flowing through the touched contacts
of the neon bulb of the starter, the voltage across the neon bulb gets
reduced since the current, causes a voltage drop across the
inductor(ballast).
e) At reduced or no voltage across the neon bulb of the starter, there
will be no more gas discharge taking place and hence the bimetallic
strip gets cool and breaks away from the fixed contact. At the time
of breaking of the contacts in the neon bulb of the starter, the current
gets interrupted, and hence at that moment, a lar ge voltage surge
comes across the inductor(ballast).

f) This high valued surge voltage comes across the fluorescent lamp
(tube light) electrodes and strikes penning mixture (mixture argon
gas and mercury vapor).
g) Gas discharge process gets started and contin ues and hence current
again gets a path to flow through the fluorescent lamp tube (tube
light) itself. During discharging of penning gas mixture, the
resistance offered by the gas is lower than the resistance of starter.
h) The discharge of mercury atoms produces ultraviolet radiation which
in turn excites the phosphor powder coating to radiate visible light.
i) Starter gets inactive during glowing of fluorescent lamp (tube light)
because no current passes through the starter in that condition.
6. Mention the methods of lighting for
a. food court
b. children's park
c. Auditorium
d. Architect’s cabin

ANSWER 6.

A. FOOD COURT

HANGING PENDANTS
Hanging pendants are the most common form of lighting you’ll find in any
restaurant, no matter what the theme. One of the great things about
pendants is how flexible they are, with so many options in terms of size,
quantity, height and more.

CHANDELIERS
When most people think of chandeliers, they think of giant glass sculptures
that act as statement pieces in large homes. However, these are so many
different chandelier sizes available, making them perfect for adding
highlights to an elegant restaurant interior.
If a glass fixture doesn’t quite suit the style of your restaurant, consider
an industrial chandelier alternative, offerin g elegance and versatility in a
more modern style.

TRACK FIXTURES
A form of lighting that has become popular over the last few years,
especially in diners, is track fixtures. These lights are often small and
come in large quantities, creating straight or circular paths across the roof
or walls of your restaurant.

WALL ACCENTS
Wall accents are a crucial fixture in any diverse lighting scheme. Similar
to hanging pendants, wall lights are incredibly versatile and can be used
as ambience or accent lighting depending on your restaurant. These lights
are also a must for any small spaces, allowing you to make the most of
what room you have.

EXPOSED CEILINGS & LIGHTING

If your restaurant is based in an older building, you may have some
characterful roof fittings to consider. Things such as extractor fans,
industrial beams and pipework lean towards a more retro dining
experience, so any ceiling lights you choose should accommodate this.
The best way to make the most of this natural industrial look is to
complement it with lights boasting exposed wiring. Small hanging pendants
are great for drawing eyes upwards to the key features of your space.

MENU LIGHTING
If you’re a diner or restaurant in a busy location, then making sure your
menu stands out is hugely important. To get people to pause and read your
list, you need to make sure you create an instant atmosphere with the help
of emotive lighting fixtures.
In many cases, your menu lighting will be in the form of wall lights. It helps
to have a statement fixture that catches the eye of passing customers.

FOCUSED ILLUMINATION
Something of a modern alternative to wall lighting is the idea of focused
illumination. Often lending itself to larger, open -planned spaces, this style
uses softer accent lighting to draw the eye towards specific features of
your design.

CANDLELIGHT
The ultimate in romantic lighting, the candlelight is a must for any
restaurant looking to appeal with couples. While it can seem slightly old -
fashioned, candles can be designed to work with any style of interior,
whether traditional or modern.
You will need to consider whether to include task lighting when using
candles, as candlelight on its own is often not enough. A complete lighting
solution with candles will often look to achieve a soft look that provides
warmth and comfort for a romantic evening.

OUTDOOR LIGHTING
If your restaurant is lucky enough to have outside space, it’s important you
make the most of what you have. Outdoor dining is hugely popular during
the summer months, so you’ll want to create your lighting scheme with this
in mind.
Even if you don’t have an outside dining space, you may wish to consider
outdoor lighting options. After all, you want to entice guests to visit your
place by creating an ambience that is recognizable to passers-by.

NATURAL LIGHT
Last but certainly not least, be sure to always take advantage of all the
natural light sources on offer. Installing large windows and glass -based
doors are both popular ways of making the most of outside light.
It doesn’t matter how big or small the establishment, natural light sources
are hugely important as they could save you money whilst trading during
the day.

B. CHILDREN’S PARK

PLAYGROUNDS WITH LED BOLLARDS

Bollard lights can provide a surprising amount of light for a smal l area
such as a playground or a park pathway. Older-style bollard lights such
as those with metal halide or fluorescent luminaires often struggle with
breaking and longevity issues. Access Fixtures strictly provides LED
bollard lights that come in a multitude of styles, wattages, shapes, and
heights to meet any design desire. For playgrounds, especially in public
parks, vandalism can sometimes be an issue.

PLAYGROUNDS WITH DECORATIVE POST LIGHTS

Another playground lighting solution with a focus on a mbiance is our
collection of decorative post light packages. These post lights are heavy
duty and meant for municipal areas, parks, and sidewalks. We carry
multiple styles, wattages, Kelvins, and design options. We offer strong
steel poles with these fixtures in a convenient package. The best thing
about these decorative post lights is that they are available in so many
housing options ranging from classic to ultra-modern.

PLAYGROUNDS WITH APTA AREA LIGHTS

APTA LED lights are best in class when it comes to longevity and durability.
Made for outdoor lighting projects such as tennis courts and public
parks, the APTA is L70 rated at over 200,000 hours. Poles are
available in multiple heights and come in steel , aluminum, and fiberglass.

C. AUDITORIUM

ASSEMBLY HALLS LIGHTING

An auditorium can be used as an assembly hall. An assembly hall can be
defined as an area where many people congregate, usually found in schools
and colleges. Usually this kind of light is called recessed lighting, whereas
lights retract back into the ceiling itself. Usually these lights are located
in a spaced pattern throughout the ceiling.
AUDITORIUM EFFICIENCY LIGHTING
Auditorium lights are perhaps best known for their continuous use, making
the energy efficiency of the lights critical. One of the solutions to spending
less energy and subsequently less money on lighting is using a dimmable
lighting system. New lighting systems have been used that have 55 -watt
compact fluorescent lamps, cutting down on their energy expenditure. The
lower-watt and dimming lighting can be used to ease the auditorium light's
life span.

THEATER LIGHTING
Theater lighting is the most complicated, however, because of their
complex lighting configurations for theatrical shows. Theater lighting,
though, can also be most rewarding, literally. Theater performances rely
heavily on lighting, allowing it to set the mood of the play. Lighting and
effects awards are given out for productions. There are us ually a set of
house lights that are used to illuminate the audience section of the theater.
Stage lights can be a complicated mixture of spotlights, ceiling mounted
units and on-stage lights. Usually, each theater has a complex packet of
lighting instructions and configurations that theater staff follow.

D. ARCHITECT’S CABIN

SURFACE MOUNTED LIGHTING

❖ Pendant Mounted: A pendant light is a fixture that is suspended from

the ceiling by a cord, chain or metal rod.
❖ Ceiling Mounted: Ceiling mounted lights can be categorized into flush
mounted and semi-flush mounted.
❖ Wall Mounted: Sometimes referred to as a sconce, this type of
lighting is affixed to the wall, and can be used to cast upward,
downward or diffuse light. Today, wall mounted lights are commonly
harnessed for exterior illumination.
❖ Track Mounted: With track mounted lighting, said Schroeder, “you pull
a wire out from the ceiling, connect it to the fixture and snap it into
place. The fixture acts as a horizontal extension of the electrical
signal,” said Schroeder. Track mounted lighting can provide general
or focused, task lighting.

COMPONENTS

❖ Fixture: The fixture is the shell that holds the light, and is typically
made from aluminum, steel or brass. Because the fixture is the
portion of the light that is visible, it will drive the aesthetic
composition of your surface mounted light.
❖ Heat Sink: Although LED lights are lauded for being cool to the touch,
they still produce heat that must be conducted or dissipated away, in
order to ensure the longevity of the product. Typically made from
copper or aluminum, heat sinks are an important part of LED surface
mounted products as they provide a path for heat to travel from the
LED light source (or diode) to outside elements.

❖ Diode: The diode is the chip that produces the light. With
advancements in LED technology, diodes are becoming smaller and
smaller, which presents new design opportunities for architects.
“I’ve seen LED tape only a quarter of the size of a nail file, that
produces enough light to act as the sole light source for an entire
space,” said Schroeder.

❖ Optics: Similar to recessed lighting, optics modify the light that is

emitted from the diode by adjusting the beam or softening the glare.

❖ Driver: Sometimes referred to as the power supply, the driver is the

“magic box that transforms electricity from main voltage into
whatever the fixture itself requires.