AR 307

BUILDING SERVICES – II
ASSIGNMENT ON ELECTRICAL

SUBMITTED BY: -
MOHAMMAD ALI
B. ARCH 3RD YEAR DAY
1. Write short notes on
a. Substation
b. Concealed wiring system
c. Plate Earthing
d. Miniature circuit breaker

ANSWER 1.

SUBSTATION
The electrical substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage
is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission,
distribution, transformation and switching. The power transformer, circuit
breaker, bus-bar, insulator, lightning arrester are th e main components of
an electrical substation.

The single line diagram of the

substation is shown in the figure below.
The connection of the substation is
divided as:

❖ Incoming or power feeder

connection
❖ Outgoing feeder for feeding the
other subsequent substations or
switchgear.
❖ Power transformer connection.
❖ Voltage transformer connection for
control and metering.

CONCEALED WIRING SYSTEM

Electrical wiring is a process of distribution of electrical energy from the
supply to appliances likes television, lamps, air conditioners, etc. by
connecting various appliances and equipment for different uses.

Concealed Wiring, as a word suggest concealed means “Hidden”. So, this

wiring is done inside the floors/walls and it is further concealed/ hidden
by plastering the wall.

PLATE EARTHING
The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical
energy with the help of the low resistance wire directly towards the earth
is known as the electrical earthing Plate electrical earthing is the way of
connecting a non-current carrying part of an electrical equipment to the
ground. In plate earthing system, non-current carrying parta is a plate
which is made up of either copper or galvanized iron.

If copper is used for plate earthing, it ’s dimensions should be 60cm x 60cm

x 3.18mm. The dimension should be 60cm x 60cm x 6.35 mm galvanized iron
(GI) type plate electrode. The plate electrode is buried vertically towards
the earth (It is named as earth pit). The earth pit should be placed 3m from
the ground level.

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER

A Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) is an automatically operated electrical
switch used to protect low voltage electrical circuits from damage caused
by excess current from an overload or short circuit. MCBs are typically
rated up to a current up to 125 A, do not have adjustable trip
characteristics, and can be thermal or thermal -magnetic in operation,

2. Explain the process how electricity is supplied to your house from

power generating station with diagram.

ANSWER 2.

❖ Electricity is made at a generating station by huge generators.

Generating stations can use wind, coal, natural gas, or water.
❖ The current is sent through transformers to increase the voltage to
push the power long distances.
❖ It reaches a substation, where the voltage is lowered so it can be sent
on smaller power lines.
❖ It travels through distribution lines to your neighbourhood. Smaller
transformers reduce the voltage again to make t he power safe to use in
our homes. These smaller transformers may be mounted on the poles,
or sitting on the ground (they’re the big green boxes, called pad mount
transformers).
❖ The electricity travels through wires inside the walls to the outlets and
switches all over your house.
❖ It connects to your house and passes through a meter that measures
how much your family uses.
❖ The electricity goes to the service panel in your basement or garage,
where breakers or fuses protect the wires inside your house from being
overloaded. (Never touch a service panel! It is only to be operated by
your parents or a professional.)
❖ The electrical charge goes through high -voltage transmission lines that
stretch across the country.
3. Explain the different types of wiring systems used in building
electrification.

ANSWER 3 . The different types of internal wiring usually used ar e as follow:

-

❖ Cleat wiring
❖ Conduit wiring
❖ Wooden casing and capping wiring
❖ CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring
❖ Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring

There are additional types of conduit wiring according to Pipes installation

(Where steel and PVC pipes are used for wiring connection and
installation).
❖ Surface or open Conduit type
❖ Recessed or concealed or underground type Conduit .

CLEAT WIRING
This system of wiring comprises of ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires
(occasionally, sheathed and weather proof cable) braided and compounded
held on walls or ceilings by means of porcelain cleats, Plastic or wood.
Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is not
suitable for domestic premises. The use of cleat wiring system is over
nowadays.

CASING AND CAPPING WIRING

Casing and Capping wiring system was famous wiring system in the past
but, it is considered obsolete these days because of Conduit and sheathed
wiring system. The cables used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or
PVC or any other approved insulated cables.
The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing
is made up of a strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length wise so as
to accommodate VIR cables. The grooves were made to separate opposite
polarity. the capping (also made of wood) used to cover the wires and
cables installed and fitted in the casing.
BATTEN WIRING (CTS OR TRS)
Single core or double core or three core TRS cables with a circular oval
shape cables are used in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single core cables are
preferred. TRS cables are chemical proof, water proof, steam proof, but
are slightly affected by lubricating oil. The TRS cables are run on well-
seasoned and straight teak wood batten with at least a thickness of 10mm.
The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of tinned brass link
clips (buckle clip) already fixed on the batten with brass pins and spaced
at an interval of 10cm for horizontal runs and 15cm for vertical runs.

CONDUIT WIRING
There are two additional types of conduits wiring according to pipe
installation
❖ Surface Conduit Wiring
❖ Concealed Conduit Wiring

LEAD SHEATHED WIRING

The type of wiring employs conductors that are insulated with VIR and
covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing about 95%
of lead. The metal sheath given protection to cables from mechanical
damage, moisture and atmospheric corrosion.
The whole lead covering is made electrically continuous and is connected
to earth at the point of entry to protect against electrolytic action due to
leaking current and to provide safety in case the sheath becomes alive. The
cables are run on wooden batten and fixed by means of link clips just as in
TRS wiring.

CONCEALED CONDUIT WIRING

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it
is called concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring
system inside wall, roof or floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping
is called concealed conduit wiring. obliviously, It is the most popular,
beautiful, stronger and common electrical wiring system nowadays.

SURFACE CONDUIT WIRING

If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring.
in this wiring method, they make holes on the surface of wall on equal
distances and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal plugs.

4. What is Earthing? Explain types of Earthing with neat sketches?

ANSWER 4. The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the
electrical energy directly to the earth by the help of the low resistance
wire is known as the electrical earthing. The electrical earthing is done by
connecting the non-current carrying part of the equipment or neutral of
supply system to the ground. The electrical equipment mainly consists of
two non-current carrying parts. These parts are neutral of the system or
frame of the electrical equipment.

From the earthing of these two non-currents carrying parts of the

electrical system earthing can be classified into two types.
❖ Neutral Earthing
❖ Equipment Earthing

NEUTRAL EARTHING
In neutral earthing, the neutral of the system is directly connected to earth
by the help of the GI wire. The neutral earthing is also called the system
earthing. Such type of earthing is mostly provided to the system which has
star winding. For example, the neutral earthing is provided in the
generator, transformer, motor etc.

EQUIPMENT EARTHING
Such type of earthing is provided to the electrical equipment. The non -
current carrying part of the equipment like their metallic frame is
connected to the earth by the help of the conducting wire.
If any fault occurs in the apparatus, the short -circuit current to pass the
earth by the help of wire. Thus, protect the system from damage.

There are different types of earthing system mostly used. They are:
❖ Plate earthing
❖ Pipe earthing
❖ Rod earthing
PIPE EARTHING
❖ A galvanized iron pipe is selected should be such that it has holes
pierced at regular intervals and the pipe is narrow at the bottom end.
❖ A clamp is attached to the G.I pipe to which an earth wire is connected.
This pipe diverts the electrical
conductance inside the earth.
❖ The pipe is placed in the earth pit at a
depth not less than 3 meters. The
space inside the G.I pipe is filled by
the alternate layers of salt and
charcoal up to the clamp level.
❖ The top portion of the G.I pipe is left
open for maintenance when required
by constructing a chamber with
bricks. Water is poured into the G.I
pipe to maintain earthing resistance
within the specified limits.
❖ A galvanized steel and a pipe that has
holes at regular intervals are kept
inside the earth. Keeping in view its
low-cost Pipe earthing is commonly
used for all domestic purposes.
❖ This type of earthing is similar to pipe
earthing, but a rod made of galvanized steel is used in this case. The
rod used for this purpose is buried inside the earth at a certain depth.
As it is of low resistive material, the short circuit current will be
diverted to the ground safely

PLATE EARTHING
The plate material is of either copper or
galvanized iron is used in the plate
earthing system.
This plate selected should of certain
specified dimensions, which is placed
inside the earth at a depth less than 3
meters from the bottom. This plate is
connected to the electrical conductors t o
divert the electric charge inside the
earth.