o Lighting provided from a source without reflection from other surfaces.

o In day lighting, this means that the light has travelled on a straight path
from the sky (or the sun) to the point of interest.

o In electrical lighting it usually describes an installation of ceiling mounted

or suspended luminaires with mostly downward light distribution
characteristics.
Lighting Methods
 Three-point lighting
Three-point lighting is a standard method used in
visual media such as video, film, still photography
and computer-generated imagery.

o The key light, as the name suggests, shines

directly upon the subject and serves as its
principal illuminator
o The fill light also shines on the subject, but
from a side angle relative to the key and is often
placed at a lower position than the key
A typical three point setup with a shoulder or back-
side lamp to create contrast between the
background and Center object so as to give a three
dimensional appearance

o The back light shines on the subject from

behind, often to one side or the other.
Advantages:
o Very energy effective lighting.
o Plastic display of three dimensional objects, e.g.. sculptures.
o Well suited for zonal or accent lighting.
o Can create a vivid environment with attractive light and shadow patterns e.g. on
wall surfaces.

Disadvantages:
o The ceiling is relatively dark, which can cause a "cave like" environment.
o Luminaires with wide opening angle that are badly positioned can cause
reflected glare on computer screens, dark "executive style" desk surfaces or
glossy paper.
o Harsh shadows can be unflattering when cast on human faces.
 Recessed light or Down lights
o A recessed light or down light is a light fixture that is
installed into a hollow opening in a ceiling.

o When installed it appears to have light shining from a

hole in the ceiling, concentrating the light in a
downward direction as a broad floodlight or narrow
spotlight.
Lamp types
There are two types of light bulbs for recessed
lighting: directional and diffuse.

Directional lamps (R, BR, PAR, MR) contain

reflectors that direct and control the light.

Diffuse lamps (A, S, PS, G) control light distribution

through their omni-directional light.
Directional lamps

Diffuse lamps
 Sulphur lamp
The sulphur lamp (also sulphur lamp) is a highly efficient
full-spectrum electrode less lighting system whose light is
generated by sulphur plasma that has been excited by
microwave radiation.

luminous efficacy to 100 lumens per watt

Sulfur lamps can be used as light sources in scientific

instruments.

Microwave-powered
sulphur lamps
Pendant Fluorescent Luminaires

Pendant fluorescent luminaires can distribute light

directly down

Pendant systems typically install in rows 8-20 long

and provide direct lighting from linear fluorescent
sources.

For lighting offices,shops,show rooms and

reception

High output 54W lamp

Pendant-mounted lighting generally costs more

than recessed lighting
Task Lights
Local task lights permit workers to adjust lighting to suit
their personal needs
o Local task lights also compensate for the shadows
created by partitions that block light from ceiling-
mounted luminaires.
o Freestanding table lamps, usually fitted with compact
PL sources, also serve as task lighting.
o Task lighting is also used in other areas like kitchen
o The purpose of task lighting is to illuminate the
preparation and cooking zones so that you can slice
and simmer in safety.
Wall Washers
o Wall washers brighten vertical surfaces,
supplementing the principal task illumination in a
workspace.
o Linear wall washers, sometimes called wall slots,
consist of continuous troughs installed at the
intersection of wall and ceiling.
o made of aluminum alloy
o They offer an architecturally integrated treatment for
wall lighting that is often employed at the perimeter
of an open-plan office and in circulation and reception
areas.
o They may be used alone or together with matching
down lights and are often found in conference and
executive areas.

o •Dimensions: Length = 320mm Width=145mm

Height=225mm
•Power consumption: 48 watt.
Accent Lights
o Accent lights direct concentrated beams of
light to highlight and dramatize specific
objects, rather than large surfaces.
o Accent lights usually adjust for aiming and
may be track mounted for flexibility, or
recessed to integrate with down lights.
Wall Sconces
o Wall sconces and other wall-mounted luminaires provide
localized brightness at the perimeter of the space, which
attracts the eye.
o Wall-mounted indirect lighting can also distribute general
light to the space.
o Wall sconces are used mostly in executive offices,
conference areas, and reception and circulation areas.
Tungsten-halogen
Halogen lamps are energy efficient lamps
that have become popular in recent
years.

They produce a whiter, more

intense light than standard
incandescent and are typically used for
decorative, display or accent lighting.

Halogen spotlights also have good

focusing ability in small areas.

They are about twice as efficient as

regular
incandescent lamps and last two to four
times longer than most incandescent
lamps.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are
similar in operation to standard
fluorescent lamps but are manufactured
to produce colours similar to
incandescent lamps.

They are available in a range of types and sizes

to meet most applications including
down lighting, ambience, task and general
space lighting.

CFLs are about four times as efficient as

normal lamps and last up to 10
times longer.
 Tubular fluorescent fixtures
Tubular fluorescent lamps are one
of the most common sources of commercial
lighting and also are among the most efficient.

Fluorescent
lamps last up to 20,000 hours of use.

High-intensity discharge (HID)

This category of high output light sources that includes mercury
vapour, metal halide, high-pressure
sodium and low-pressure sodium lighting.

The efficiency of HID sources varies widely from mercury vapour

– with an efficiency almost as low as
incandescent – to low-pressure sodium which is among the most
efficient light sources.

Colour rendering varies widely from the bluish cast of mercury

vapour lamps to the distinctly yellow light of low-pressure
sodium.
Efficiency of Different Light Sources