 Light is the prime animator of interior space.

 It is an electromagnetic radiation perceived by the unaided human eye.

 Wavelength range varies from 370 to 800nm.
 There are two predominant forms of light used in modern times.
Artificial light – from electricity
Natural light – from sun.

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL
LIGHTING LIGHTING
BRIEF HISTORY
 During the year 1800 A.D, Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan simultaneously
developed a reliable glowing filament.
 Early electric lights were clearly influenced by lamp and candle stands of that time.
 Period of the 1950`s and 1960`s saw the development of lamps with integrated
silvered reflectors to make spotlight bulbs.
 With the Arts and Crafts ,Art Noveau, and successing schools, it soon became
apparent that lights could be important decorative objects.

ART NOUVEAU lighting are French- ARTS AND CRAFTS - Characterized by

influenced, modern style with rectilinear shapes, thick, solid material
colourful, angular and bold design. sections and flat, stylized design elements.
If wood is used, it will typically be oak.
1907 1927

Mariano Eileen Gray

Fortuny Y
Madrazo.

1920 1932
Gerrit George
Rietveld Carwardine
1933
1907
Pietro Chiesa
Achille & Pier
Giacomo
Castiglioni

1972
Richard Sapper

1956
1969
Poul
Henningsen Vico
Magistretti
LIGHT SOURCES
 Artificial Light - Natural light that is produced by manufactured elements.
 3 Major types of artificial lights are,
 Incandescent lamps
 Fluorescent lamps
 High-intensity discharge lamps (HID)
 Incandescent lamps: Contain a filament that gives off light when heated by the
passage of electric current.
 Fluorescent lamps: Tubular discharge lamps in which light is produced by the
fluorescence of phosphorus coating inside the tube.
 Types – Preheat lamps, Rapid start lamps, Instant start lamps, CFL-Compact
fluorescent lamps.
 HID lamps: Discharge lamps in which a significant amount of light is produced by the
discharge of electricity through a metallic vapour in a sealed glass enclosure.
HID lamps are a combination of incandescent lamps with the efficiency of a
fluorescent lamps.
 Types – Mercury lamps, Metal halide lamps, High-pressure sodium lamps (HPS).
 Ambient Light or General lighting is the available light in a room, by mechanical
sources.
 It illuminates a room in a fairly uniform, generally in a diffuse manner to set a specific
mood in your living space.
 They can be used to soften shadow, smooth out and expand the corners of a room, and
provide a comfortable level of illumination for safe movement and general maintenance
or brighten a room enough to create a more energetic feel.
 Task or Local lighting illuminates specific areas
of a space for the performance of visual tasks or
activities.
 It usually is directional & provides higher-level
focal lighting for task areas, with surrounding
areas illuminated at lower-level.
 Example: Adjustable office lamps and pendant
lights over kitchen work
 Accent lighting is any directional lighting which emphasizes a particular object
or draws attention to a particular area.
This usually is provided by track, recessed, or wall-mounted fixtures.
 It is a form of lighting that creates focal points or rhythmic patterns of light
and dark within a space.
 Instead of serving simply to illuminate a task or activity, accent lighting can be
used to relieve the monotony of ambient lighting -- Emphasize a room's feature,
highlights art object, prized possessions, etc.
 Examples: piece of furniture, painting, or architectural details.
 Focal lighting creates brighter areas within the ambient light levels of a space
through the use of Task lighting and Accent lighting.
 The light sources are usually placed close to either above or beside the task
surface, enabling the available wattage to be used more efficiently than with
ambient lighting.
 Informational lighting is designed to help us see our way safely.
 It can be beautiful as well as functional, and can create dramatic statements.
 Lights inset on stairs can create pathways that enhance architecture, while
outdoor informational lighting can create interesting shadows and texture.
 Examples: Motion lights, path lights, night lights, closet lights, etc.
LUMANAIRE:

 It is any device that includes a lamp holder and the means of electrification and
support for that device.

 Lighting fixtures are luminaries that are permanently attached to a building.

 Luminaries are characterized by the manner in which light is distributed.

 Direct: A luminaire which emits 90% to 100% of its total output below a
horizontal plane through it.
 Indirect: Lighting provided by reflection usually from wall or ceiling surfaces.
 Asymmetric: It is a type of light distribution, that has both down and to one side
distribution to cover a specific surface or object.
 Diffuse: A light ray that is reflected from a surface and broken up and scattered
into different directions.
DIRECT LIGHTING FIXTURE TYPES

Recessed lighting in Surface mounted on

ceiling or wall ceiling or wall
INDIRECT LIGHTING FIXTURE TYPES

Cove or Wall bracket

valance lighting fixture
Cove lighting

Valence lighting

Cornice lighting
 Cove lighting

Cornice lighting
DIRECT / INDIRECT LIGHTING FIXTURE TYPES

Suspended Portable
from ceiling table lamps

Light Uplight
suspended mounted
from ceiling
 BULBS  BULB: It is a glass housing of an incandescent lamp, filled with inert
gas mixture of Argon & Nitrogen.
 Types: Characterized by a letter
A bulb: Standard round shaped for general service incandescent
lamps.
A/Sb bulb: Hemispherical, reflective silver bowl opposite lamp base
to decrease glare.
C bulb: Cone-shaped bulb for low-wattage, decorative purpose.
A BULB:
CA bulb: Candle-flame shaped bulb for low-wattage, decorative
STANDARD SHAPE
purpose.
G bulb: Globe-shaped, having low brightness for exposed use.

G BULB: C BULB: CA BULB: CANDLE-

GLOBE SHAPE CONE SHAPE FLAME SHAPE
 PS bulb: Pear-shaped for large incandescent lamps.
ER bulb: Ellipsoidal reflector bulb, having precisely formed internal
reflector that collects light & redirects it into a dispersed beam.
S bulb: Straight-sided bulb for low decorative purpose.
R bulb: Reflector bulb with internal reflective coating & a clear or
PS BULB: frosted glass front for desired beam.
PEAR SHAPED

ER BULB: S BULB: R BULB:

ELLIPSOIDAL SHAPE STRAIGHT-SIDED REFLECTOR BULB
SHAPE
 PAR bulb: Ellipsoidal reflector bulb, having precisely formed internal
reflector that collects light & redirects it into a dispersed beam..
MR bulb: Multifaceted reflector bulb for tungsten-halogen lamps,
having polished reflectors arranged in discrete segments for desired beam
spread.
 T bulb: Tubular, quartz bulb for tungsten-halogen lamps.

PAR BULB - PARABOLIC

ALUMINIUM REFECTOR

T BULB:
MR BULB – MULTIFACETED
TUBULAR SHAPE
REFECTOR
DOWN LIGHTS
 Down lights are often called cans or top hats.
 They are a type of direct luminaries, that are
usually round and recessed in the ceiling.
 They are mainly used is in a wide range of
residential and commercial applications.
 They can be equipped with incandescent, halogen,
low-voltage incandescent, compact, fluorescent or
HID lamps.
DOWNLIGHT TYPES

Baffled down light

Adjustable eyeball

Pinhole down light

Baffled wall washer

COMMERCIAL FIXTURES
 Commercial fluorescent fixtures comprise of several types of fluorescent direct
luminaries.
 The most common type is wraparound, wherein a lens or diffuser top surrounds the
lamp, hiding them from direct view while radiating light downward and to the sides.
 These luminaries are among the lowest-cost lighting fixtures and typically used for
general and utility lighting in modest projects.

T-12 LAMP T-8 LAMP

TROFFERS
 Troffers are widely used in offices, stores, schools, and other commercial and
institutional facilities for general lighting work and sales area.
 They are the most common type of fluorescent luminaries.
 Sizes available are 2’ X 4’, 2’ X 2’, 1’ X 4’.
 Most troffers are recessed and are designed to be laid into acoustic tile ceilings, the
fixture face matching the size of the tile.
 They can be equipped with emergency battery packs to power some or all of the lamps
during a power outage or emergency condition.

RECESSED INDIRECT
LENSED TROFFER PARABOLICTROFFERS TROFFERS
LINEAR SYSTEMS

 Linear lighting fixtures are fluorescent luminaries having indirect, semi-indirect, and
direct-indirect lighting distribution; they are designed to illuminate offices and other more
finished spaces.
 These luminaries can be obtained in varying lengths and assembled into patterns, they
are called linear systems.

VERTICAL LINEAR
HORIZONTAL LINEAR LIGHITNG FIXTURE
LIGHTING
FIXTURE
LINEAR SYSTEMS
 They are mounted at least 15” to 18” below the ceiling, when suspended from
ceiling; longer suspension lengths improve uniformity of light on the ceiling..

Planar source

Volumetric source
INDUSTRIAL FIXTURES
 Industrial luminaries generally have a utilitarian or functional appearance. They are
either surface-mounted or hung by chains or rods.
 Generally used in factories, warehouses, and, increasingly in schools and retail stores.
 Mostly they are direct or semi-direct – that is, having small % of uplight to visual
comfort.
 Certain fixtures are specifically designed for demanding environmental applications
ranging from wet and salt water marine luminaries to explosion –proof products for use
in petrochemical plants, grain storage facilities and in other hazardous locations.

SURFACE-MOUNTED INDUSTRIAL DOWNLIGHT

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING FIXTURES
 Architectural lighting fixtures are fixtures that are not decorative but rather
functional. They are used to illuminate architectural shapes.
 Wall grazing fixtures or wall washers,
washers sometimes called wall slots, are used to
illuminate walls in lobbies, corridors, and core areas, suited best for textured and
polished surfaces.

SEMI-RECESSED TRACK MOUNTED RECESSED

WALLWASHER WALLWASHER WALLWASHER
ACCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES
 Accent fixtures allow light to focus on art and building surfaces.
 They may be
Recessed accent lights - Downlights.
Eyeballs and pull-down accents – Resemble Downlights
Track lighting – accent art and displays.
COVE LIGHTING
 Cove lighting is a form of indirect lighting, built into ledges, recesses, or valences in a
ceiling or high on the walls of a room
 They are valued because it hides the fixtures, and because it provides a very even,
warm light.
 A wide range of LEDs are available, from warm white, daylight and even colour
changing RGB modules.
 An overlap of the tubes would reduce the shadow effect at the lamp ends.

 They are often used in theaters, bars, office s and unique living spaces.
DECORATIVE LIGHTING FIXTURES
 Decorative lighting enhances the interiors.
 It is also a part of architectural lighting and are of various kinds.
 Chandeliers are ornate luminaries generally consisting of many small incandescent
lamps that stimulate the effect of candle flames.
 They are hung from ceiling and are used for general illumination in dining rooms, foyers
and other formal spaces.
Close to Ceiling
luminaries are similar to
pendants but mount
closely to the ceiling to
allow use in most rooms
with conventional ceiling
lights.

 Early 19th century

Brocade home 3 Light
French cut-glass
crystal Chandelier - Chandelier,Rutile
and ormolu
white with Sage Accents
chandelier.
Heirloom
Bronze
Finish with Kristy
Satin Etched
Glass Shade.
Antler- Wood with
rustic chain.
  Pendants are also ceiling hung decorative fixtures. In general, the term pendant is used
for hanging luminaries less formal than chandeliers used in offices, restaurants, and many
other places.
Internally
sandblasted
glass diffuser
mounted on
chrome
plated metal
fixtures.
Fabric Pendant
Mica pendant lighting
lighting
 Sconces are ornamental or Clay-Tile
decorative wall mounted Wall Scones
luminaries. Brass
and
Often, sconces match adjacent Glass
chandelier; at other times, they are
the sole decorative lighting Curved
element. Glass Wall
sconce
Sconces exhibit a wide range of
style, form crystal fixtures with
flame-tip lamps to modern lamps.
 Tochiers are floor lamps designed specifically for uplighting. Most use incandescent or
halogen sources.
 They even include portable table and floor lamp traditionally supplied with an
incandescent lighting system. They can be used to highlight a task, or used in the floor in a
corner to highlight that area.
•This porcelain table lamp is finished in a
crackled ivory glaze with bronzed metal
details. The rectangle bell shade is a silken,
chocolate bronze textile.
•This floor lamp is strips of messed metal
finished in an aged black with light rust
accents and cast aluminum details. The
rectangle box shade is a woven, outdoor linen
textile.

 Lanterns are outdoor luminaries mounted

to ceilings, walls, posts and poles. They can
be exposed to direct rain.
 Star shaped Candleholder with color glass
panels for soft glow of color.
 Ceiling Drums are round or square luminaries
that mount to the ceiling surface. They typically are
used as corridor lights, rest room lights, closet lights
and in many locations where a modest amount of
light is needed.

 Undercabinet lights are task oriented

lights and should mounted under the front
edge of a shelf or cabinet and should be as
continuous as possible. They are mostly
energy efficient and least costly.

 Vanity Lights is a task light

for both bath vanity and mirror
areas. It can mount horizontally
above the mirror or vertically to
the sides. They can be highly
ornamental.
Santiago two light vanity lamp.
java hand artisan forged metal
rods and base.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE
CHOOSING LIGHT FIXTURE

 For excess light in any given room - use overhead lights, like ceiling mounted
fixtures or ceiling chandeliers or ceiling fans which have lights on them as well.

 Most light bulbs are Incandescent, or Tungsten lights. These give off a warmer,
yellowish or orange glow that can seem dim or depressing at times.

 For a room to have a more cozy, intimate and inviting appeal to it, you can use
table or floor lamps instead of overhead lights.

 Reading corner, and table lamps are best for bedside tables. Both are fine choices
for creating or adding mood and elegance in almost any area of the room too.

 One other type of lighting that is a fantastic choice for creating a dramatic
presentation is called picture lighting.

 These are designed to spotlight a work of art hung on your wall, but they're also
excellent decorating choices for highlighting an indoor fountain or statue too.
 Outdoor lighting enhances the beauty of your property, makes your home safer and more
secure.

 Steps, paths, and driveways should be illuminated.

 Path lights or post lanterns or attach lights to the side of the house.
 Low-level path lights, which spread circular patterns of light, will brighten walkway,
while highlighting nearby flower beds, shrubs, and ground cover.
 These close-to-the-ground lights are available in fixtures using energy-saving low-
voltage current.
 A well-lighted front entrance will give a warm,
welcoming look, while assuring the safety of those who
enter.
 Under a porch or other overhang, you can use recessed,
chain-hung, or close-to-ceiling fixtures.
 To conserve energy, consider post and wall lanterns that
use new compact fluorescent or high-intensity discharge
light sources such as mercury vapor or high pressure
•sodium.
The foyer is the first introduction to the interim of your home. It should provide ample
illumination for a welcome greeting.
•The overhead light can be ceiling mounted, chain hung or even a chandelier, if the foyer is
large enough.
•And the height and location should allow for the swinging of the door. A mirror adds a
special decorative touch to a foyer.
 LIVING ROOM
A living room which is of moderate size and furnished to serve several functions, presents
the following visual tasks to be accommodated:

1. Ambient lighting for conversation and social functions.

2. Task lighting for extended-period visual tasks.

3. Focal light is required for highlighting any art object or any task.

4. Lighting for the television viewing.

Living room plan Living room lighting plan
DINING ROOM
 Ambience is vital in dining room lighting. The creation of mood and personal
atmosphere must be at the top of the lighting design criteria list.
 The visual tasks in the great majority of dining rooms are basic and relatively
simple. They are as follows
1. First and foremost, provide light at the table so diners can see their food as well as
the faces of the other diners.
2. When the buffet is used for serving, provide enough and appropriate light for the
server to comfortably serve the task.
3. Ambient lighting is needed for the periphery of the room to avoid the feeling of
dimly lighted and empty spaces surrounding the table
Dining room plan Dining room lighting plan
KITCHEN
 The most frequent use of a kitchen space, after food preparations, is in formal dining
 The need for strong task lighting on all work surfaces is constant, but the island work
surfaces requires a different lighting design solutions.
 The lighting design solutions shown below
addresses the visual tasks in the following manner:
 Task light
 Perimeter work counter/desk surfaces
 Island counter surfaces of work and casual
dining
 The dining table, simply resolved with the use of a
single pendant scaled to the size of the table.
kitchen plan

Kitchen lighting plan

BEDROOMS

 Two broad generalizations can be made about the design of bedrooms, including their
lightings:
 They should be conducive to sleep.
 They should be a quiet refuge from the more active or social parts of the residence.
The visual tasks to be resolved in this case are:
 Task light: In the bedroom proper, three visual tasks must
be accommodated; reading in bed, seeing tasks at the desk
and reading in the lounge chair.
 Ambient light: It is needed for visual functions, including
changing cloths conversing in the sitting area and
watching televisions from the bed or sitting area.
 Accent lighting : The major art/graphic works anticipated
on the south wall require focal lighting.
 Television viewing: It presents unusual lighting
requirements that often conflict to the rooms other lighting
needs.
For a dressing table, have 2 lights 36 inches apart (on either
side of the mirror you use) and about 15 inches above the base of
the table.

For bedside reading lamps, the bottom of the shade should be

20 inches above the level of your bed.

 At desk, work lamps should be 15 inches above the desk's

surface, whether they are mounted on the wall or sitting on the
desk.
bedroom plan Bedroom lighting plan
BATHROOMS

 Basic tasks performed in bathrooms are primarily functional.

 Ambience and aesthetics are the secondary considerations in most bathrooms.
 Global lighting is used to light up whole bathroom space. It’s usually placed at one
point at the center of bathroom. One bulb lamp that hanged at center of room creates
dramatic effect if combined with some of lamp that placed at corners of bathroom.
 In the bathroom, you need plenty of even, shadow-free lighting for shaving, grooming,
and applying makeup. In small bathrooms, mirror lights will illuminate the entire room,
but in larger bathrooms, an additional ceiling fixture is needed for general lighting.
 Theatrical lighting strips around your bathroom mirror will give the same excellent
lighting as dressing rooms mirrors.
 Tub and shower enclosures can be adequately lighted by placing an enclosed damp-
location recessed downlight in the ceiling. These downlights are also recommended over
whirlpool baths or in saunas.
The main lighting can use halogen lamps that placed at center or some corners of ceiling
with right distances. Halogen lamp produces white light and makes room fresh and clear.