Pump

Fundamentals
What is a
Pump?
is a machine used to add
energy to a liquid in
order to transfer the
liquid from one point to
another point of higher
energy level. A pump is a
machine that converts
mechanical energy into
fluid energy.
Function of
a Pump
is to add to the pressure
existing on a liquid an
increment sufficient to
the required service. This
service maybe the
production of a velocity
or the overcoming of
friction or external
pressure.
Purpose of
a Pump
is to move a quantity of
water against a pressure
Uses of
water
pumps
1. Condensing
water
2. Condensate
3. Boiler feed
4. Heater drains
5. Booster flows
6. Sump drain and
other services
Classification of Pumps

Centrifugal
Pump
is a machine which the
pumping action is
accomplished by imparting
kinetic energy to the fluid by
a high-speed revolving
impeller with vanes and
subsequently converting this
kinetic energy into pressure
energy either by passing
through a volute casing or
through diffuser vanes. It is
high discharge, low head,
high speed, not self priming.
Classification of Pumps

Rotary Pump
a positive displacement pump
consisting of a fixed casing
containing gears, cams,
screws, vanes plungers or
similar elements actuated by
rotation of the drive shaft. It is
low discharge, low head, used
for pumping viscous liquids
like oil.

Example; Gear pump, Screw

pump, vane Pump
Classification of Pumps

Reciprocating
Pump
is a positive displacement
unit wherein the pumping
action is accomplished by
the forward and backward
movement of a piston or
plunger provided with
valves. It is low discharge,
high head, low speed, self-
priming.
Classification of Pumps

Deep-Well
Pump
is divided into plunger or
reciprocating, turbine,
ejector-centrifugal types and
air lifts. Turbine pumps-are
used for pumping water with
high suction lift, for
pumping condensate. Jet
Pump or Injector pump-
used for pumping boiler feed
water, used as accessory of
centrifugal pump.
Types of pumps are classified
into two major category:

1. Dynamic or Kinetic – are types of pumps in which energy is

continuously added to the fluid to increase its velocity. Examples;
centrifugal, jet and turbine pumps

2. Positive displacement pumps - are types of pumps, in which energy

is continuously added by application of force to an enclosed volume
of fluid and resulting to a direct increase in its pressure.
Examples: Reciprocating, rotary, and diaphragm pumps.
Some other ways of classifying
pumps includes the following;

1. Type of flow of fluid at the impeller; radial semi-axial, or axial

2. Type of casing; volute or diffuser pumps

3. Type of design: single stage, multi-stage, single suction, dual suction,

horizontal, vertical pump, submersible.

4. Type of application: fire, dredge, slurry, deep well, irrigation, drainage,

circulating, boiler feed, condensate, clogless.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
A centrifugal pump consists of stationary casing and an
impeller connected in rotating shaft. Liquid enters the center of the
rotating impeller and leaves at a high velocity and passes to a stationary
volute casing which transforms kinetic energy into pressure. The term
“centrifugal” came from the centrifugal force created as the water move
outward from the center of impeller rotation. A centrifugal pump whose
drive unit is supported by the pump having its suction and discharge
flanges on approximately the same order is called in line pump.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A centrifugal pump characterized by a housing which is split

parallel to the shaft is called horizontal split case pump. A centrifugal
pump with one or more impellers discharging into one or more bowls
and a vertical ejector or column pipe used to connect the bowls to the
discharge heads on which the pump driver is mounted is called vertical
shaft turbine pump.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A centrifugal pump consists

of stationary casing and an impeller
connected in rotating shaft. Liquid
enters the center of the rotating
impeller and leaves at a high
velocity and passes to a stationary
volute casing which transforms
kinetic energy into pressure. The
term “centrifugal” came from the
centrifugal force created as the water A centrifugal pump characterized by a housing which is
move outward from the center of split parallel to the shaft is called horizontal split case
pump. A centrifugal pump with one or more impellers
impeller rotation. A centrifugal
discharging into one or more bowls and a vertical ejector
pump whose drive unit is supported
or column pipe used to connect the bowls to the
by the pump having its suction and
discharge heads on which the pump driver is mounted is
discharge flanges on approximately called vertical shaft turbine pump.
the same order is called in line
pump.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Advantages of centrifugal pumps Disadvantages

1. Simple and compact 1. Poor suction power
2. Easy to maintain 2. Usually needs priming
3. Adaptability with motor 3. Cavitation may develop
with high rpm during operation
4. Little vibrations 4. Needs multi-stage to
increase discharge pressure
5. Flow can be controlled
from full to non-discharge without 5. Cannot handle very
shutting the pump viscous fluid
6. Check valve is required
to avoid back flow.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Parts of centrifugal pump

1. The shaft - is a piece of

metal where the internal parts of the
pump are mounted. Its function is to
transmit torque from the motor to the
rotating parts of the pump.
Pump shaft has also a shaft sleeve, it
is a metal cylinder that fits over the
shaft to protect it from corrosion,
erosion, and wear.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Parts of centrifugal pump

2. The impellers of a
centrifugal pumps are the most
critical part of the pump, because the
capacity of the pump depends on its
diameter and speed of which it turns.
Impellers can be open, semi- open
and closed type impellers.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Parts of centrifugal pump

3. The pump casing - is the

stationary part of a centrifugal pump and it
can either be volute or circular. The main
function of the volute is to convert the
kinetic energy acquired by the fluid into
pressure. It could be single and double
volute casing. Diffuser volute design has a
set of fixed vanes in its casing that
gradually reduces fluid velocity. It gives
direction to the flow from the impeller and
converts this velocity energy into pressure
energy
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Parts of centrifugal pump

4. Wear rings - are fitted to the

impellers or to the pump casing to
protect the actual impeller and casing
from wear. Excessive wear in the
pump will reduce its efficiency
particularly in small pumps used in
high-speed applications. Wear rings
should be replaced periodically to
avoid damage in the impeller or in the
casing. It keeps internal recirculation
down to a minimum.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Parts of centrifugal pump

5. Packing or mechanical seal -

the main function of packing or
mechanical seal is to protect the pump
from leakage in the area where the shaft
passes through the casing. The most
common means of throttling the
leakage between the inside and outside
of the casing.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Parts of centrifugal pump

6. Bearings - are used to keep

the correct alignment of the shaft with
other stationary parts of the pump. It
accurately locate shaft and carry
radial and thrust loads.

7. Labyrinth and seals and

deflectors - the main purpose is to
retain oil in the pump housing and to
prevent foreign materials entering the
pump housing.
HEAD and POWER
Calculations
HEAD and POWER
Calculations
Discharge - volume flow rate of liquid handled by the pump in m 3/s or
gal/min

Head - total energy developed by the pump, expressed in height of the

liquid in meters.

Basic Principles:

General Flow Equation (Continuity Equation):

𝐐=𝐀 𝒗 Where:
Q = volume flow rate, m3/s or gal/min
A = area, m2 or ft2
𝒗 = velocity of fluid, m/s or ft/s
 HEAD and POWER
Calculations
H = Total Head or Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

𝟐 𝟐
𝑷 𝒅 − 𝑷𝒔 𝒗 𝒅 − 𝒗 𝒔
𝐇= + + ( 𝐙 𝐝 − 𝐙𝐬 ) +( 𝐡 𝒇 𝒅+ 𝐡 𝒇 𝒔)
𝜸 𝟐𝐠

Pressure head - is the static head plus gauge pressure on the water surface plus
friction head

Velocity head - is the head required to produce the flow of water.

Static head - is the height of the surface of the water above the gauge point.

Pump operating head - is the algebraic difference of discharge and suction head.
This can also be called as total dynamic head.
 HEAD and POWER
Calculations
Water Power OR Hydraulic Power - is the theoretical power necessary to
raise a given volume of liquid from a lower to a higher elevation.

Where:

𝐏 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 =𝐐 𝛄 𝐇Q = discharge, m /s 3

γ = specific weight = 9.81 kN/m3 for water

H = total head, in meters

𝐏 𝐇 𝟐 𝐎 Pump Efficiency
Brake (Input) Power
¿ ¿
𝐏𝐇𝟐𝐎
𝐞 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩 𝐏 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐤𝐞

Motor efficiency – is the ratio of brake power to input power.

𝐏 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐤𝐞
𝐞 𝐦=
𝐏 𝐢𝐧
HEAD and POWER
Calculations
Overall efficiency – is the ratio of hydraulic power or water power to the
input power.

𝐏 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫
𝐞=
𝐏 𝐢𝐧

Head, as determined from readings of pressure gauges,

𝟐 𝟐
𝐇 = 𝑷 𝒅 − 𝑷𝒔 + 𝒗 𝒅 − 𝒗 𝒔
𝜸 𝟐𝐠
 HEAD and POWER
Calculations
Calculating the friction head
Friction head is the head lost by the flow in a stream or conduit due to frictional
disturbances set up by the moving liquid and its containing conduit and by
intermolecular actions.

Where:
𝒇𝑳𝑽 𝟐
𝒉𝒇=
𝟐 𝒈𝒅 Darcy’s Equation hf = friction head loss, m
f = coefficient of friction ( should be taken
from Morse table if Morse equation is used)
𝟐 𝒇𝑳𝑽 𝟐
𝒉𝒇= Morse Equation L = total length, m (including equivalent
𝒈𝒅 lengths of the fittings)
V = velocity, m/s
g = 9.81 m/s2
D = inside diameter, m
 Sample Problems:
1. Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water source
whose free surface is 60 m below ground level. The water is to be raised 5m above
the ground by a pump. The diameter of the pipe is 10 cm at the inlet and 15 cm at
the exit. Neglecting any heat interaction with the surroundings and frictional heating
effect, what is the necessary power input for the steady flow of water at the rate of
15 liters/sec in kW?
Sample Problems:

2. Calculate the drive horsepower for pumping 1703 L/min cold

water to a tank suction at 127 mm Hg vacuum, delivery at 5.3 kg/cm 2 ga.,
both measured close to pump, efficiency of the pump is 0.65.
 Sample Problems:
3. Water from a well is to be pumped to a height of 40 meters from the source.
The quantity of water to be delivered is 500 L/s, through a 480 mm diameter pipe. It is
also desired to maintain a 100 kPa pressure at the summit. The frictional head losses
from the suction and discharge of the pump are equivalent to 2.0 m. If the pump speed
is 850 rpm, determine the power needed by the pump in hp.
 Sample Problems:
4. A water source with an
elevation of 10 m is to be pumped by a
centrifugal pump to an open reservoir at
an elevation of 80 m. The suction pipe
and discharge pipe diameter is 255mm
and 200 mm, respectively. The pump
centerline is at 5m. The head loss at
suction pipe is 0.05 m and 0.45 m at the
discharge pipe. The pump delivers
water at 15 L/s and has an efficiency of
75% while the electric motor is 80%.
Determine:
a. Water horsepower of the
pump
b. Brake horsepower of the
pump
c. Power input to drive the
motor, in kW
Sample Problems:
5. A pump discharges 150 liters per second of water to a height
of 75 m. If the efficiency is 75% and the speed of the pump is 1800
rpm, what is the torque in N-m to which the driveshaft is subjected?
 RECIPROCATING
CHARACTERISTICS:
Piston Displacement – is the volume which a piston in a cylinder displaces in a single
stroke, equal to the distance the piston travels time the internal cross-section of the
cylinder.

a. Piston Displacement if Piston Rod is neglected; Where:

𝐕 𝐃 =𝟐 ( 𝛑 𝐃𝟐 𝐋𝐍
𝟒 ) 𝐕 𝐃=
𝛑𝐃 𝟐 𝐋𝐍
𝟐
d = piston rod
diameter

b. Piston Displacement if Piston Rod is considered; D = piston diameter

L = length of stroke
𝐕 𝐃= ( 𝛑 𝐃𝟐
𝟒 ) 𝐋𝐍 + 𝟒 ( 𝐃 𝟐 − 𝐝 𝟐) 𝐋𝐍
𝛑
N = rpm

𝛑𝐃 𝟐 𝐋𝐍 𝛑𝐝 𝟐 𝐋 𝐍
𝐕 𝐃= −
𝟐 𝟒
RECIPROCATING
CHARACTERISTICS:
Actual Discharge, Q
𝐐=𝐀 𝒗
Slip, S – Slip is the difference between the piston displacement and the
actual discharge
𝐒= 𝐕𝐃 − 𝐐
Percent Slip, %S – the ratio of the slip to the piston displacement
𝐒 𝐕𝐃−𝐐
% 𝐒= 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎 % % 𝐒= 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝐕𝐃 𝐕𝐃

Volumetric Efficiency, eV – the ratio of the actual discharge to the piston

displacement 𝐐
𝐞 𝐕=
𝐕𝐃
PUMP LAWS
Similar Pumps: Basic Pump Laws for similar pumps

𝐍𝟏 √𝐐 𝟏 𝐍𝟐 √𝐐 𝟐 a. Variation in Impeller Speed

𝟑/ 𝟒
=
𝐇𝟏 𝐇 𝟐𝟑 /𝟒 If the impeller diameter is constant.
𝐐𝟏 𝐍𝟏
𝐐𝟏 𝐐𝟐 =
= 𝐐𝟐 𝐍𝟐
𝐍 𝟏 𝐃 𝟏𝟑 𝐍 𝟐 𝐃 𝟐𝟑

b. Variation in Impeller Diameter

Where: D = impeller
diameter If the impeller speed is constant.
Sample Problems:

1. A centrifugal pump motor unit draws 100 li/min of water from a

supply which has a level at the centerline of the pump. The discharge
pressure is 28 kgf/cm2 and the overall unit efficiency is 67%. What
could be the required input to the electric motor in kW if the head is 280
m

2. A centrifugal pump operating @ 1150 rpm showed a total head of 40

ft @ a capacity of 600 gpm. The impeller diameter is 10.5 meters.
Estimate the total head in meters and capacity in m3/s of a geometrically
similar pump @ 1150 rpm with an impeller diameter of 10 feet.