GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Major Examination REVIEWER

CHAPTER 1: Matter
• Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
➢ MASS is the amount of matter present in an object.
➢ VOLUME is the space that it occupies.
• Matter can be detected using our senses—sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
STATES OF MATTER
• The three main states or phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.

• Plasma – the fourth state of matter. It is an ionized gases and it is like gases but the only difference is
kinetic energy is higher.
• Bose- Einstein Condensate- It is a state of matter in which a cloud of bosons (a type of elementary
particle of matter) is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (T=0 K).

PHASE CHANGE
➢ The changes between the three major state of matter (solid, liquid, and gas).
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• It is a description of an object; the properties of matter include any traits that can be observed or measured
➢ Physical Properties are determined using the five senses.
o A trait of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical
composition of the matter.
o Examples: color, smell, taste, hardness, state of matter, melting, boiling or melting point
➢ Chemical Properties are determined by a substance’s ability to react with other substances.
o Chemical Properties are characteristics of matter that can be observed with an
accompanying change in the chemical composition of a substance.
o Examples: combustibility, stability, relative activity, ionization, response to test reactions

EXTENSIVE AND INTENSVE PROPERTIES

• Extensive Properties- properties that depend on how much matter (amount of matter) is being
considered. These properties will change if the amount of matter changes. Ex: mass, volume, length
• Intensive Properties - properties that do not depend on how much matter is being considered. These
properties will not change even if the amount of matter changes. Ex: boiling and freezing point

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

• Physical Changes
- Change that occurs without changing the identity of the substance.
- No new substances are formed
Examples of Physical Changes
• Change in size, shape, or color
• Pencil shavings
• Torn paper
• Crushed ice
• Sugar dissolved in water
• Painting a wall

• Chemical Changes
- A change that occurs that causes the identity of substance to change; something new is formed.
- New substances with new properties are formed.

Evidence of Chemical Change

• New color appears
• Bubbles or fizzing
 • Precipitate forms (solid material)
• Heat and Light are produced
• Sound is given off
• Difficult or impossible to reverse

Other Examples:
➢ Wood burning
➢ Metal rushing
➢ Food digesting
➢ Gasoline burning
➢ Cake baking

SEPARATING MIXTURES
a. Magnetic Separation - Magnets may be used to separate solids with magnetic property such as iron filling
from the non-magnetic of mixture like sulfur.
b. Filtration - A separating technique that takes advantage of the physical property of the state of matter. A
screen lets the liquid particles through but traps the solid particles.
c. Decantation- A process of separating a solid from a liquid. It is done by pouring off the liquid, leaving the
solid behind. Separation of a mixture of oil from water is an example of decantation.
d. Distillation- A separating of a mixture of liquids based on the physical property of boiling point. Distillation is
a process of boiling a liquid and condensing and collecting the vapor. The liquid collected is the distillate.
e. Evaporation - A technique which involves the application of heat to the solution to allow the solvent to
evaporate leaving behind the solid component as a residue.

CHAPTER 2: The Structure of Atom, Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes

ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE

• Isotopes atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different
number of neutrons.
CALCULATIONS OF NUMBER OF PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS

CHAPTER 3: Stoichiometry
 MOLE CONVERSION METHOD

CALCULATING LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS

CHAPTER 4: GASES

V1T2 = V2T1

P1T2 = P2T1
GAS STOICHIOMETRY

CHAPTER 5: Electron Configuration and Quantum Numbers

Pauli Exclusion & Hund’s Rule

CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL BONDING

• Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bond: a total transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
➢ Ionic compounds form into crystals of repeating formula units
➢ Ionic bonds are extremely strong
➢ Metals + nonmetals (representative) = ionic bonds
➢ A positively charged ion (CATION) is attracted to a negatively charged ion (ANION)—attraction between ions is
due to their opposite charges
Example: Na+ + Cl- → NaCl
EXAMPLE: Lewis Dot Structure
Molecular Shape
- VSEPR theory assumes that the shape of a molecule is determined by the repulsion of electron pairs.

BOND POLARITY

• A nonpolar covalent bond is one in which the electrons are shared equally between two atoms
• A polar covalent bond is one in which one atom has a greater attraction for the electrons than the
other atom. If this relative attraction is great enough, then the bond is an ionic bond.
NAMING AND WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS