CHM 1102

INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY
 CHEMISTRY
• Chemistry is the study of the composition and properties of matter and
the changes that matter undergoes
• Branches of chemistry include: Inorganic, Organic, Analytical,
Physical, Biochemistry and Theoretical
CHEMISTRY AROUND US
• Plastics • Fuels
• Fabrics • Farming
• Food • Military
• Make-up • Industry
• Batteries • Antibiotics
• Computers
 CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
• Matter – Anything that has mass and occupies space.

• Atom – The smallest stable building block of matter. Made up of protons,

neutrons & electrons.
• Molecule – Groups of atoms held together with a specific connectivity and
shape.
• Composition tells us the types of atoms that are present in a compound and
the ratio of these atoms (for example H2O, C2H6O, etc.).

• Structure tells us which atoms are connected (bonded) to each other, how
far apart they are, and the shape of the molecule
 CARBON DIOXIDE
• Composed of one carbon
atom and one oxygen atom
• A colourless odourless gas
• Incombustible
• Does not bind to
heamoglobin
• Composed of one carbon atom
and one oxygen atom
• A colourless, odourless gas
• Burns with a blue flame
• Binds to heamoglobin

CO
CO2
CARBON MONOXIDE
• Pure Substance - Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct
properties. All substances are either elements or compounds.

Elements - All atom

are the same
• Compounds – Contains more than one type of atom, but all molecules
(or repeat units) are the same, i.e. Water (H2O), Ethanol (C2H6O),
Quartz (SiO2), Sodium Chloride (NaCl). All compounds follow the
law of constant composition.
• Mixture - Have variable composition and can be separated into
component parts by physical methods. Mixtures contain more than
one kind of molecule, and their properties depend on the relative
amount of each component present in the mixture.
 TYPES OF MIXTURES
• Homogeneous Mixture  Composition and
properties are uniform. Sometimes called a solution.
• Air – principle components include O2, N2 & CO2
• Vodka – principle components are ethanol and water
• Brass – solid solution of Cu and Zn
• Ruby – solid solution of Al2O3 and Cr2O3
• Heterogeneous Mixture - Composition and properties are non-
uniform.
• Chocolate Chip Cookie – Chocolate, Dough, etc.

• Concrete – Cement, Rocks, etc.

• Vomit - Depends upon previous intake of food and drink

 CHECK POINT
Identify each substance as a compound, an element, a heterogeneous
mixture, or a homogeneous mixture (solution).
a. filtered tea
b. freshly squeezed orange juice
c. a compact disc
d. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3 ratio of aluminum
and oxygen atoms
e. selenium
 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Physical Properties - The identifying characteristics of matter. Some
properties can be readily measured with our senses, such as odor and
color, instruments are needed to measure other properties, such as
electrical resistivity, compressibility, hardness, density,melting point,
etc.
• No new substance is formed
• CHANGE IN PHASE, pounding, grinding, cutting

• Changes of phase
• When a substance changes phase there is no change in composition

• Physically different, chemically the same

• Solid, liquid, or gas are the three states of matter

 STATES OF MATTER
• Solid – definite volume and shape
• Particles are in fixed positions
• Held w/strong attractive forces
• Liquid – definite volume and no definite shape
• Takes shape of container
• Particles can move past each other
• Gas – neither definite volume nor definite shape
• Particles move easily and are very far apart
SOLIDS
Solids may be crystalline or amorphous
• some solids have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric
pattern – we call these crystalline solids
• salt and diamonds
• some solids have their particles randomly distributed without any
long-range pattern – we call these amorphous solids
• plastic
• glass
• charcoal
Chemical Properties  Describe the reactivity of a substance toward other
substances. Examples include:

• Ethanol burns in air (reacts with oxygen in the air)

• Sodium reacts vigorously with water,

• Corrosion of metal parts (rust),

• Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is explosive,

• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogenic drug.

PROPERTIES (CONT’D)

• Properties can also be intensive or extensive

• Extensive properties vary with the amount of the substance and

include mass, weight, and volume

• Intensive properties, in contrast, do not depend on the amount of

the substance; they include color, melting point, boiling point,
electrical conductivity, and physical state at a given temperature
CHECK POINT
Classify each statement as a physical property or a chemical property.

a. Fluorine etches glass.

b. Chlorine interacts with moisture in the lungs to produce a respiratory

irritant.

c. Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid.

d. Iodine has a density of 11.27 g/L at 0°C.

Classify each statement as an extensive property or an intensive
property.
a. Carbon, in the form of diamond, is one of the hardest known
materials.
b. A sample of crystalline silicon, a grayish solid, has a mass of 14.3 g.
c. Germanium has a density of 5.32 g/cm3.
d. Gray tin converts to white tin at 13.2°C.
e. Lead is a bluish-white metal.
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A logical approach to solving problems
1. Make observations
- observe your surroundings
2. State the problem
- stated as a question
3. Collect data
4. Form hypothesis
- testable statement
5. Test hypothesis
6. Conclusion
7. Modify hypothesis and retest
OBSERVATIONS
• Involves making measurements and collecting data
• Data can be qualitative or quantitative

Qualitative – non-numerical information

- descriptive (the sky is blue)

Quantitative – numerical information

- the mass is 25.7 grams

• HYPOTHESIS – A tentative interpretation or explanation for an
observation
falsiable – confirmed or refuted by other observers
tested by experiments – validated or invalidated
• When similar observations are consistently made, it can lead to a
Scientific Law
• a statement of a behavior that is always observed
• summarizes past observations and predicts future ones
• Law of Conservation of Mass
A theory is a general explanation for the manifestation and behavior of
all nature
• model

• pinnacle of scientific knowledge

• validated or invalidated by experiment and observation

A Law is a generally observed natural phenomena

• Unlikely to change over time
EXPERIMENTS
• Use manipulated variable (independent)

• Use responding variable (dependent)

• One variable manipulated at a time

• Measurements are called data

CHECKPOINT
Classify each statement as a law, a theory, an experiment, a hypothesis,
a qualitative observation, or a quantitative observation.
a. Birds evolved from dinosaurs.
b. Ice always floats on liquid water.
c. Hot air is less dense than cold air, probably because the components
of hot air are moving more rapidly.
d. When 10 g of ice were added to 100 mL of water at 25°C, the
temperature of the water decreased to 15.5°C after the ice melted.
e. The ingredients of Ivory soap were analyzed to see whether it really is
99.44% pure, as advertised.
ENERGY AND MATTER
• changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result in the matter
either gaining or releasing energy
• energy is the capacity to do work
• work is the action of a force applied across a distance
• a force is a push or a pull on an object
• electrostatic force is the push or pull on objects that have an electrical charge
• all matter possesses energy

• energy is classified as either kinetic or potential

• energy can be converted from one form to another

• when matter undergoes a chemical or physical change, the amount of

energy in the matter changes as well
• kinetic energy is energy of motion
• motion of the atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles

• thermal (heat) energy is a form of kinetic energy because it is caused by

molecular motion

• potential energy is energy that is stored in the matter

• due to the composition of the matter and its position in the universe

• chemical potential energy arises from electrostatic forces between atoms,

molecules, and subatomic particles
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

• you can interconvert kinetic energy and potential energy

• whatever process you do that converts energy from one type or form
to another, the total amount of energy remains the same
• Law of Conservation of Energy
REFERENCES
• General Chemistry Principles, Patterns and Applications, http://
www.saylor.org/books
• Chemistry The Central Science 13e by Theodore L. Brown
• Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 1st Ed. Nivaldo Tro