MATERIAL CHANGES
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• A physical property is the physical state of
a material.
• It can be observed or measured without
changing the chemical make-up of the
material.
• Physical properties include melting point,
boiling point and thermal conductivity
• The physical properties of a substance are
features such as:
• what color it is
• if it is a solid, liquid or a gas
• what its boiling or melting temperature is
• if it is heavy or light
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• A chemical property is how a material
reacts.
• For example, its flammability, pH or
solubility
• The chemical properties of a substance are
features such as:
• how acidic or alkaline it is
• how it reacts with water, acids or metals
• how readily it reacts.
WRITING WORD EQUATIONS

• A word equation should state the reactants (starting materials), products

(ending materials), and direction of the reaction in a form that could be used
to write a chemical equation.
• The reactants always go on the lefthand side of the equation, while the
products are on the righthand side.
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVING
OXYGEN
• Burning
• Burning is a chemical reaction.
• When a substance burns, the substance reacts with the oxygen in the air.
Sometimes ashes are formed.
• In burning, the two atoms or molecules will combine and release energy.
Usually, one of the two molecules is oxygen
• The ashes contain new substances. The new substances in the ashes are oxides.
MAGNESIUM

• When magnesium metal is burned, a white powder is formed. This powder is

magnesium oxide.
• A new substance has been formed from magnesium and oxygen.
• Magnesium and oxygen are the reactants. Magnesium oxide is the
• product.
• A chemical property of magnesium is that it burns in air to form magnesium
oxide by combining with oxygen.
• 1Describe what happens to the magnesium ribbon.
• 2 Describe what has been formed.
• 3 Name the reactants in this chemical reaction.
• 4 List all the safety precautions you need to take while carrying out this
experiment.
PROPERTIES OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS
BURNING CARBON

• Charcoal is made up of the element carbon.

• When carbon burns it combines with oxygen in the
air to make the gas carbon dioxide.
• Carbon is found in most of the fuels we use today
to provide heat and power.
Oil, gas, coal, petrol and wood all contain carbon and
all release carbon dioxide when they are burned.
CARBON DIOXIDE

• Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

• It collects in the atmosphere and contributes to the heating of the planet.
• Scientists are extremely concerned about the effects of this as sea levels
• rise and unusual weather events, such as heatwaves, storms and floods,
become more common.
• Many plants and animals are facing extinction as a result of this global warming.
HOW IS WATER MADE?

• The simplest burning process is the burning of hydrogen.

• Hydrogen burns with oxygen and produces water.
• It is strange to think about it in this way, but water is actually burnt hydrogen.
REACTION OF METALS WITH ACIDS
REACTION OF CARBONATES WITH ACIDS
USES OF MATERIALS

• Aluminium is strong and light (physical properties) and relatively unreactive

(chemical property), so it is a good material to make aircraft from.
• Steel is easier and cheaper to make than aluminium, but it isn’t quite as
strong and rusts. It is a good choice for cars.
• Copper is a much softer metal and it conducts heat and electricity very well,
so is good for electrical cables. However, exposed wires are dangerous, so we
coat them with a flexible insulator, plastic.
RUSTING

• The process of formation of a reddish-brown

substance on the surface of the iron objects in
the presence of flaky moisture and air is called
rusting.
• When iron is left exposed to moist air, it
undergoes a chemical change leading to the
formation of a brown powdered mass on the
iron, leading to the occurrence of a
phenomenon known as rusting.
• The scientific name for rust is hydrated iron
oxide: 'hydrated' refers to water and 'oxide' to
the reaction with oxygen
HOW TO PREVENT RUST?

• Methods of preventing rust involve preventing oxygen or water, or both,

from coming into contact with the metal.
• This can be as simple as painting or greasing the metal to form a protective
layer or more complex processes, such as coating the iron in a thin layer of a
metal that doesn't rust, such as zinc
HOW TO DETECT CHEMICAL CHANGE?

• There are five (easy) ways to detect a reaction:

1. Color Change
2. Precipitate Formation (solid formation falling out of solution)
3. Gas Formation (bubbles and odor)
4. Temperature Change
5. pH Change
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

• “The mass in an isolated system can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be
transformed from one form to another”
• According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the reactants must be
equal to the mass of the products for any process.
• The law of conservation of mass was crucial to the progression of chemistry, as it
helped scientists understand that substances did not disappear as result of a reaction
(as they may appear to do); rather, they transform into another substance of equal
mass.
• 1. In which type of change a new substance is formed?
• (a) In physical change (b) In chemical change (c) In both (a) and (b) (d) In
neither of these
• 2. Which among the following is a physical change?
• (a) Cutting a log of wood in small pieces (b) Burning of wood (c) Ripening
of fruit (d) Cooking of food
• 3.Which of the following is an example of physical change?
• (a) A bud turning into a flower (b) Rusting of iron (c) Boiling of water (d)
Ripening of a tomato
• 4. Which characteristic best describes a physical change? (a) Composition
changes (b) Composition stays the same (c) Form stays the same (d) Mass is
• 5. In chemical change
• (a) Change is reversible (b) Molecules of a substance change (c)
Molecules of the substance do not change (d) Substance remain same
• 6.Which of the following is a reversible change?
• (a) Melting of ice (b) Germination of seed (c) Burning of matchstick
(d) Changing of milk into curd