Collage of natural science

department of chemistry

General Chemistry
(Chem. 1012)

Lecture 1
Nature and Essence of Chemistry

Jimma, Ethiopia

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Objectives

 To describe the scientific method

 To differentiate among hypotheses, theories, and laws

 Describe physical state of matter: solid, liquid, and gas

 Classify matter as an element, compound, mixture.

1. Essential Ideas in Chemistry

1.1. Role of Chemistry

1.2. Scientific method of analysis

1.3 The domain of chemistry

1.4 State and classification of matter

1.3. Physical and chemical properties

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1.1 Role of Chemistry
• Chemistry: science that study about matter:

its properties, changes it undergoes &

the energy associated with a change
Role
• Essential for meeting our basic needs of:

food, clothing, shelter, health, energy, clean air, water and

soil.
• For different industrial applications.
• Also very applicable in different field of studies.
Scope of Chemistry

 Its encompasses:

– the air we breathe,

– the food we eat,
– the fluids we drink,
– our clothing, dwellings,
– transportation and
– fuel supplies, and
– our fellow creatures

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Branches of chemistry:
1. Organic chemistry
• Chemistry of carbon and hydrogen comp’d.

2. Inorganic chemistry
• Comp’d that don’t contain carbon-hydrogen.

3. Analytical chemistry
• concerned with the detection or identification

of substances present in a sample.

4. Physical chemistry
• explain chemical processes, rxn rate & energy changes.

5. Biochemistry: is chemistry in living organisms. 5

Chemistry in other field of studies

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1.2 Scientific method of analysis
• In the scientific method, analysis of the results of an
experiment will lead to hypothesis being accepted/rejected.

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1.2 Scientific method of analysis

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Types of chemical analysis.
1. Proximate analysis:
estimate the quantity of individual components in a sample.

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2. Partial analysis: determination of selected constituents.
Eg. Determination of silicate rock by atomic absorption.
3. Trace analysis: specialized form of partial analysis in which
specified component analyzed in very minute quantity.
Eg. Fe determination from soil by AAS.
4. Complete analysis: when the proportion of each component
of the sample is determined.
1.3 Domain of chemistry:
• Chemistry study and describe the behavior of matter and
energy in three different domains:
• Macroscopic: Macro is a Greek word that means “large.”
• It is quantities of 0.1 g or more. 10
• The macroscopic domain includes what we observe and
measure physical and chemical properties, or changes such as
density, solubility, and flammability
• Microscopic: also comes from Greek and means “small.”
• for quantities in the range 10-3 g up to 10-2 g.
• almost always visited in the imagination but visible through a
microscope.
• Eg: such as atoms and molecules
• Symbolic: it is specialized language used to represent
components of the macroscopic and microscopic domains.
• These are: those used in the periodic table.
• These domains provides to describe chemical behavior.
1.4 State and classification of matter
• Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass.

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.

• Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.

 Matter exist in 3 states: solid, liquid and gas.

Substances and Mixtures

Matter classified into pure substances and mixture.
Matter
Solid, liquid, gas

Pure substance Mixture

Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

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1.5 Physical and Chemical Properties
 Based on the matter change, there are two types of property:

1. Physical property: without changing the material composition

• No new substance formation.
• Ex’l: color, melting point, conductivity, density…
• alter its physical form but not its composition.
• Ex’l: Water (solid form)  water (liquid form).

Processes:
• Solid  Liquid = melting.
• Solid  Gas = sublimation
• Liquid  Gas = evaporation
- Liquid  Solid = freezing
- Gas  Solid = deposition
- Gas  Liquid = condensation
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1.5 Chemical property: A change that result new substances.
• It can change the composition.
• Ex’l: flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity, decomposition.
• Chemical change indicators: Evolution of gas, Formation of
precipitate, Change in color, temperature, Energy production.
1.6 Extensive and Intensive Properties
 Extensive property: dependent on amount of matter.

• Ex’l: Mass, volume, length…etc

 Intensive property: independent of amount of matter.

Ex’l: Density, boiling point, color….etc.

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