Basic Concepts

About Matter

Lesson 1

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1.1 Chemistry:
1.2 Physical 1.3 Properties 1.4 Changes
The study of
states of matter of matter in matter
matter

1.8 Names
1.5 Pure 1.7 Discovery
1.6 Elements and chemical
substances and and abundance of
and compounds symbols of the
mixtures the elements
elements

1.9 Atoms and 1.10 Chemical

molecules formulas

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Chemistry
Field of study concerned with the
characteristics, composition, and
transformations of matter

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 Anything that has Mass - Amount
of matter
mass and occupies present in a
space sample

Includes naturally Examples:

occurring living and Plants, soil,
nonliving things and rocks, air,

Matter
bacteria, plastics
synthetic materials

Forms of energy such as heat, light,

and electricity are not considered to
be matter

Universe is composed entirely of

matter and energy
Chemistry involves the study of
matter. Which statement best
describes matter?

a.Matter includes various forms of

energy.
b.Matter is visible to the naked eye.
c.Matter is anything that has mass
and occupies space.
d.No correct responses.

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Chemistry involves the study of
matter. Which statement best
describes matter?

a.Matter includes various forms of

energy.
b.Matter is visible to the naked eye.
c.Matter is anything that has mass
and occupies space.
d.No correct responses.

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• Classification is based on whether
the shape and volume of the
matter sample are definite or
indefinite
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

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Solid • Characterized by a definite shape
and a definite volume

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 Characterized by an
indefinite shape
and a definite
volume

Liquid
Takes the shape of
its container to the
extent that it fills
the container

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Gas

Completely fills its

Characterized by an
container, adopting
indefinite shape and
both the container’s
volume
volume and its shape

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A Comparison of the Volume and Shape
Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

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• State of matter of a particular substance
depends on:
• Temperature
• Surrounding pressure
• Strength of the forces holding its
structural particles together
The physical states of matter are:
a. solid, liquid, and gas.
b. solid, liquid, and heat.
c. solid, liquid, and electricity.
d. liquid, electricity, and heat.
Property
• Distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is
used in its identification and description
• Each substance has a unique set of properties
that distinguishes it from all other substances
• Types
• Physical
• Chemical

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Physical Property

• Characteristic that can be observed without changing

the basic identity of a substance
• Includes color, odor, physical state, melting point,
boiling point, and hardness

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Concept Check
• To measure the boiling point of a
substance, a liquid must be
changed into a gas.
Why is boiling point considered a
physical property when a gas’
appearance is much different
from that of a liquid?

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Chemical Property

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• Characteristic that describes the way a substance undergoes or resists change to form
a new substance
• Example: Copper objects turn green in air
• Changes result from the reaction of a substance with one or more other substances
• Decomposition - Change triggered by the presence of energy

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Which of the following statements concerning the
properties of matter is false?

Properties of matter are of two types: physical and

chemical.

A physical property is a characteristic of matter that can

be observed without changing its basic identity.

A chemical property describes the way matter undergoes

or resists change to form a new substance.

One example of the physical property of water is that it

can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

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 Chemical
Property of
Copper
The green color of the Statue of
Liberty results from the reaction of the
copper skin of the statue with the
components of air. Copper reacting
with the components of air is a
chemical property of copper.

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 • Classify each of the following as a
physical or chemical property.

a. Iron metal rusts in an

atmosphere of moist air.

Exercise b. Mercury metal is a liquid at

room temperature.

c. Nickel metal dissolves in acid

to produce a light green
solution.

Chemical property c)
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Physical property b)
Chemical property a)
 Process in which a
substance changes its
physical appearance but
not its chemical
composition
Physical
Change
Does not lead to
the formation of
a new substance

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 • Process in which chemical composition
of a substance changes
Chemical • Involves conversion of material(s) into
Change one or more new substances
• Example: Rusting of iron objects left
exposed to moist air
Use of the
Term
Physical

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Use of the
Term
Chemical

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Concept Check

• Which one of the following is an example of a chemical change?

a. Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt

b. Burning of wood
c. Dissolving of sugar in water
d. Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day

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 Pure Pure substance: Single kind of matter
Substances that cannot be separated into other kinds
Versus of matter by any physical means
Mixtures
Example: Water or sucrose

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Mixture: Physical combination of two or

more pure substances

Each substance
Example: Salt
retains its own
water
chemical identity
Mixtures

HAVE VARIABLE COMPOSITION HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE: CONTAINS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE: CONTAINS

VISIBLY DIFFERENT PHASES, EACH OF ONLY ONE VISIBLY DISTINCT PHASE,
WHICH HAS DIFFERENT PROPERTIES WHICH HAS UNIFORM PROPERTIES
THROUGHOUT

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Pure Substances and Mixtures

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 • Which of the following is a
homogeneous mixture?

a. Pure water
Concept Check b. Gasoline
c. Jar of jelly beans
d. Soil
e. Copper metal

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 Which of the following contain
only pure substances?

Oxygen, tap water, glass of tea

Concept Check Oxygen, glucose (a simple sugar),

silver

Glucose, chocolate chip cookies,

wood

Gasoline, dirt, rocks

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 • Pure substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler pure
substances by chemical means
such as a chemical reaction, an
Element electric current, heat, or a
beam of light
• Example: Gold, silver,
copper

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 • Pure substance that can be
broken down into two or more
Compound simpler pure substances by
chemical means
• Example: Water

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A Pure Substance can be an Element or a
Compound

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Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures
Compounds Mixtures
• Have properties distinctly • Components retain their
different from those of the individual properties
substances that combined to
form the compound

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Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures
Compounds Mixtures
• Have a definite chemical • Have a variable chemical
composition composition
• Components cannot be separated • Physical methods are sufficient to
by physical methods separate the components
• Chemical methods are required

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Classifying a Sample of Matter

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 Does the sample of
matter have the
same properties
throughout?

Questions
Asked to Are two or more
Classify a different substances
present?
Sample of
Matter
Can the pure
substance be broken
down into simpler
substances?
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 The difference between an
element and a compound is:
a. an element is a pure substance,
whereas a compound is not.
b. an element can be broken into
simpler constituents by physical
means, whereas a compound can
Concept not.
Check c. an element can be broken down
into a simpler substance by
chemical means, whereas a
compound can not.
d. an element cannot be broken
down into simpler substances by
chemical means, whereas a
compound can.
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 • 118 known elements
• 88 of the elements occur
Elements naturally
• 30 of the elements have
been synthesized

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Abundance
of Elements
(in Atom
Percent) in
the
Universe

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Abundance
of Elements
(in Atom
Percent) in
the Earth’s
Crust

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 Which two elements dominate the
earth’s crust and which one
element dominates the universe?

a. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon;

Concept universe: hydrogen
Check b. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon;
universe: nitrogen
c. Earth’s crust: oxygen and
nitrogen; universe: hydrogen
d. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon;
universe: nitrogen

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 42

 • One- or two-letter designation
for an element derived from
the element’s name
• Two letter symbols can be
the first two letters of the
element’s name
Chemical • First letter of a chemical
symbol is always capitalized
Symbol and the second is not
• H – Hydrogen
• Ba – Barium
• Co – Cobalt
• Pb – Lead
• Ag – Silver

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 • Some elements have symbols
that were derived from non-
English names
Chemical • Ag – Silver
• Au – Gold
Symbol • Fe – Iron
• Pb – Lead
• Cu – Copper

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 Chemical symbols consist of:

the first letter of the element’s name

always in lower case.

Concept one- or two-letters derived from the

element’s name with both letters always
Check capitalized.

the first two letters of the element’s name

with both letters capitalized.

one- or two-letters derived from the

element’s name with the first letter
capitalized and the second in lower case.

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 Atom

• Smallest particle of an element that

can exist and still have the properties
of the element
• Limit of chemical subdivision
• 254 million atoms arranged in a
straight line would extend a
distance of approximately 1 inch

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 Group of two or more atoms that
functions as a unit because the atoms
are tightly bound together

Behaves as a single, distinct particle

Molecule Limit of physical subdivision

Diatomic molecule: Contains two

atoms

Triatomic molecule: Contains three

atoms

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 48

Homoatomic •
•
All atoms present are of the same kind
Substance containing homoatomic molecules must
Molecule be an element
 Two or more kinds of
atoms are present

Heteroatomic
Molecule
Substances containing
heteroatomic
molecules must be
compounds

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Heteroatomic Molecules

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 • Classify XeF4 as:

§ diatomic, triatomic, etc.

Concept Check § homoatomic or heteroatomic

§ element or compound

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 Which of the following statements
is true?

a. The smallest particle of an

element that can exist and still
have properties of the element is
Concept called an atom.
Check b. A group of two or more atoms
that function as a unit form a
molecule.
c. Some classifications of
molecules are: diatomic,
homoatomic, and heteroatomic.
d. All of these.

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 Notation made up of the
chemical symbols of:
• Elements present in a compound
• Numerical subscripts
• Indicate the number of atoms of
each element present in a
Chemical molecule of the compound
Formula
Examples

• H2O - Two atoms of hydrogen, one

atom of oxygen
• Ca3(PO4)2 - Three atoms of calcium,
two atoms of phosphorus, eight
atoms of oxygen

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 • For each of the following
chemical formulas, determine
how many atoms of each
element are present:

Exercise a. H2SO4

b. Fe2(CO3)3

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 • For each of the following
chemical formulas, determine
how many atoms of each
element are present:

Exercise a. H2SO4
two hydrogen; one
sulfur; four oxygen
b. Fe2(CO3)3
two iron; three
carbon; nine oxygen

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 Chemical formulas consist of:

a. symbols of each element in a

compound with all letters
capitalized.
b. symbols of each element in a
Concept compound with all letters in lower
case.
Check c. symbols of each element in a
compound with numerical
subscripts to indicate the number
of atoms of each element in the
compound.
d. symbols of each element in a
compound.

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 An electrical current is applied to 50 mL
of water. After a period of time, there is
nothing left in the container because:
a. a physical change occurs resulting in
the formation of a gas. Since water is a
heterogeneous mixture, its components
are also changed to gas.
Concept b. a physical change, evaporation, occurs
and as there is no residue, water is a
Question 1 pure substance.
c. a chemical change takes place
converting water to its elements,
hydrogen and oxygen. No residue is left
because water is a pure compound.
d. a chemical change takes place, but
water is a heterogeneous mixture and its
components are converted to gases.

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 You are given two cylinders, each
containing a gas. You are requested to
test the flammability of each gas, and
you discover that one gas is very
flammable, but the other gas
extinguishes the flame. The two gases
are _____ and _____ and are
classified as a _____ and _____,
Concept respectively.

Question 2 a. hydrogen; methane; homoatomic

molecule; heteroatomic molecule
b. hydrogen; carbon dioxide; diatomic
molecule; heteroatomic molecule
c. neon; carbon dioxide; element;
diatomic molecule
d. hydrogen; oxygen; element;
element

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