Science 9 Chemistry Notes B

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 1
Topic 2.1 Exploring Matter
Chemistry
is the study of the properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
WHMIS
 Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
 WHMIS is a Canada-wide system designed to give employers and
workers information about hazardous materials used in the workplace.
 Provides workers with information how to safely store and handle
dangerous materials.
 Has three components:
o WHMIS Labels
o MSDS’s Materials Safety Data Sheets
o Worker training and education
WHMIS symbols
WHMIS Label
 Product name
 First aid
 WHMIS symbols
 Precautions
 Company and contact information
Science Connect 1 – WHMIS

MSDS Materials Safety Data Sheet

Lab safety test. Check and reflect pg 96
1.2 organizing matter sketch pg. 97
Particle Model of Matter

 All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles.
 Each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different from the particles
of other pure substances.
 Particles attract each other.
 Particles are always moving.
 Particles at a higher temperature move faster on average than particles at a
lower temperature.
States of Matter
Kinetic Molecular Theory

 As matter gains energy (heats up) the particles will move faster.
 When particles move faster they spread out.
 This is how solids become liquids and liquids become gases.
 This is also why gases are less dense than solids and liquids.
Kinetic Molecular Theory Animation

Mixtures
 All matter can be divided into mixtures and pure substances.
 Pure substances are made up of only one type of particle (molecule).
 Mixtures are made up of different types of particles.
 In a mixture the different particles can be separated (somehow).
 Homogeneous mixture (solution)
o Are uniform throughout
o eg, chocolate milk, coffee
 Heterogeneous mixture (mechanical mixture)
o You can see the different particles in the mixture.
o Eg. Trail mix, cement, steak spice, salad
Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
Elements Compound
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Mixtures Mixtures
Lab Safety Handout

Topic 2.2 Changes in Matter
Physical Changes
 A substance changes in form but not in chemical composition.
 No new substance is formed.
 A change in state.
o eg. ice melting
1.2 organizing matter sketch pg. 97
Chemical Change
 A new substance is formed.
 Is difficult or impossible to reverse.
o eg. burning paper, leaves turning colour
Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
Qualitative Quantitative
 colour  melting point
 texture  boiling point
 malleability  density
 shape
Melting point
 the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
Boiling Point
 the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
Density
 is the mass per unit of volume
Chemical Properties
 Describes how substances react with other substances.
 Reacts with water
 Reacts with air
 Reacts with acids
 Combustibility
Evidence of a Chemical Change

 The starting material is used up
 Change in colour
 Change in temperature
 Change is smell
 Gas is produced (bubbles)
 A precipitate is formed (a new solid)
 A material with new properties is produced
 The change is difficult to reverse
Chemical Reactions (5:13)

Bill Nye Chemical Reactions Video (24 min)
Lab: Physical and Chemical Change

Topic 2.1 What Are Elements?
Aristotle 400 BC
 Believed that all matter is made up of only 4
substances
o Earth, air, fire, water
o Wood burns and wood floats so wood
must be made up of fire and water.
Alchemists
 Tried to make gold from other metals
 Developed many useful chemical procedures
o Density, boiling points, melting points
Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)

 Defined elements as pure substances that cannot be broken down any
further.
Law of Conservation of Mass

 In any chemical reaction the mass of the products will always be equal to the
mass of the reactants.
 Matter cannot be created or destroyed it only changes form.
Law of conservation of mass (0:50)
Law of Definite Composition

 Compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements
combined together in the same ratio (proportion).
o eg. water is always H2O
o salt is always NaCl
o carbon dioxide is always CO2
Activity: Decomposition of Water
Hoffmann’s Apparatus
Using an electric current water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen.
Water is always H2O.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 All matter is made up of small particles called atoms.
 Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles.
 All atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of one element are
different in size and mass of other elements.
 Compounds are atoms of different elements combined together in a definite
ratio.
2.2 Organizing Elements
Element
 Is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom.
 Each element has its own distinct properties.
 Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
o Hydrogen H
o Oxygen O
o Carbon C
Web Elements page

Compounds
 Are pure substances that are made up of two or more elements.
 In a compound the elements always combine in the same ratio.
o water H2O
o carbon dioxide CO2
o sualt NaCl
Laws, Theories, and Models
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiments
Theory
Time and
More experiments
Revised Theory
Model of the Atom

 atoms are made of negative electrons that orbit a positive nucleus
 the nucleus is made up of positive protons and neutral neutrons
 most of the mass of the atom comes from the nucleus
Density Lab
 reading a balance beam
 reading a graduated cylinder, meniscus

Topic 2.4 Classifying Elements
Element
 Is made up of only one kind of atom, all atoms of an element are identical
 The symbols are always one Capital letter, there may also be followed by a
lower case letter
 Examples
o C – carbon
o Ca – calcium
o Co – cobalt
 Elements can be grouped together based on similar properties, called
families.
Activity: Symbols for Elements P. 117: 1 - 5
Metals
 Are solids (except mercury)
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
 Shiny, malleable, ductile
 Metals are found under the stairs
o Lithium, sodium, copper, silver,
aluminum
Alkali Metals
 Very reactive
 All group I metals
o Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Non-metals
 Some can be solid, liquid, or gas
 Do not conduct heat or electricity
 Not shiny or ductile
 Are found to the right of the staircase
o Oxygen, nitrogen, francium, chlorine
Metalloids
 Have properties of metals and non-metals
 Brittle, not ductile
 May conduct electricity
 Are found sitting on or under the stairs
o B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Halogens
 These are the most reactive non-metals
 These are group VII non-metals
o F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble Gases
 These elements are non-reactive, they will not react.
 These are the group VIII elements.
o He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Activity: Flame Test
Compound Metal Color
Lab: Metals, Non-metals, and metalloids

Topic 2.5 The Periodic Table
By 1850 scientists had identified 58 elements.

Scientist tried to group the elements based on their physical and chemical
properties.
Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)

 Created a system of organizing all of the known elements
o Used rows and columns
o Organized them based on atomic mass
o Put elements with similar properties into groups or families
o Noticed that some elements were “missing” on his table
Periodic Table
Reading information from the Periodic Table
atomic mass
symbol
atomic number
Carbon
Atomic number
o Is the number of protons in one atom
o The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons
Atomic mass number

o Is the mass of one Mol of atoms
o Is the number of protons + neutrons in one atom
Example
1. Given carbon above
a. Protons = 6
b. Electrons = 6
c. Neutrons = 12 – 6 = 6
2. For each of the following find:

i. Name of the element
ii. Atomic number
iii. Atomic mass number,
(this number can be rounded up or down)
iv. # protons
v. # electrons
vi. # neutrons
a. Na sodium
Protons = 11
Electrons = 11
Neutrons 23-11 = 12
b. Z zinc
Protons = 30
Electrons = 30
Neutrons 65 – 30 = 35
c. Pb lead
Protons = 82
Electrons = 82
Neutrons 207 – 82 = 125
Activity: Atomic number wkst #1

How are the electrons arranged within the atom?

 Electrons are arranged in orbitals
 each orbital can only hold a specific number of electrons
o first orbit can hold 2 electrons
o second orbit can hold 8 electrons
o third orbit can hold 8 electrons
Orbital Diagram, Ar
Ions
 the number of electrons in the outer orbit of an atom will determine how
this atom/element reacts with other atoms
 atoms always want to have a complete/full outer orbital so they will give
away extra electrons or they will try to steal electrons
 metals have extra electrons so they donate electrons they become a
positive ion
 non-metals are missing electrons so they accept electrons to become a
negative ion
Examples
1. Lithium,
 has 3 electrons
 has 1 extra electron in the outer orbital
 will give away 1 e
 as an ion
2. Magnesium,
 has 12 electrons
 has 2 extra electron in the
outer orbital
 will give away 2 e
 as an ion
3. Sulfur,
 is missing 2 electrons
in the outer orbital
 will steal 2 e
 as an ion
4. Flourine,
 has 9 electrons
 is missing 1 electron
in the outer orbital
 will steal 1 e
 as an ion
5. Argon,
 all orbitals are complete
 so Argon does not react

 Argon does not make an ion

column Electrons in gain/loose ion charge example

last orbital electrons
I-A 1 lose 1 +1 K+
II-A 2 lose 2 +2 Ca2+
III-A 3 lose 3 +3 Al3+
IV-A 4 gain/lose 4 -/+4 C
V-A 5 gain 3 -3 P3-
VI-A 6 gain 2 -2 S2-
VII-A 7 gain 1 -1 Br-
VIII-A 8 balanced 0 Ne
Worksheet: Orbits and ions

Topic 2.6 Chemical Compounds

Read pages 136 – 144
A chemical formula uses symbols and numerals to represent the composition of a

pure substance.
Each symbol in a chemical formula represents an atom of an element.
NaCl
(salt)
sodium chlorine
If there is more than one atom of an element, a subscript follows the element’s
symbol.
(glucose)
6 atoms of carbon 6 atoms of oxygen
12 atoms of hydrogen
There are two types of compounds, molecular compounds and ionic compounds.
Ionic compounds are formed when atoms transfer electrons to other atoms.
Molecular compounds are formed when atoms share electrons.
Properties of Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Ionic Molecular
formed from metallic and non- usually formed from only non-
metallic elements metallic elements
forms ions in solution does not form ions in solution
conducts electricity usually does not conduct electricity
solid at room temperature solid, liquid, or gas at room
temperature
Ionic Compounds
An Ionic Compound is always made up of a (+) metal ion and a (-) non-metal ion.
Ionic compounds stick together because of an electrostatic charge. The charges in
an ionic compound must balance.
When naming an ionic compound the metal will always keep its name the non-
metal changes its name to _______ide.
1. The name includes both elements in the compound, with the name
of the metallic element first.
2. The non-metallic element is second. Its ending is changed to –ide.
3. Subscripts indicate the ratio of ions in the compound.
Examples
Simple Ionic Compounds

1. Na+ + Cl- => NaCl: sodium chloride (table salt)
2. Ca2+ + F- =>
3. Li+ + N3- =>
4. Al3+ + O2- =>

Criss-cross method
If you are changing from the written name to the symbol:
1. Write the symbols for the elements in the same order as they
appear in the name.
2. To determine the numbers of each type of atom, balance the
negative and positive charges to be equal.
5. Sodium sulphide => Na+ + S2- =>
6. Scandium Oxide =>

Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions are ions with more than one atom, they are already named, we do
not need to rename them.
7. Na+ + OH- => NaOH sodium hydroxide
8. Ca2+ + NO3- =>
9. potassium sulphate =>
10. hydrogen peroxide =>
Multivalent Ions
Some of the transitional metals can have more than one possible valance (ion)
because of sub-orbitals. When we use a multivalent metal we must specify which
ion charge we are using so me we use roman numerals.
1. A roman numeral, after the metallic element’s name, is inserted to

indicate the charge that the metal is carrying.
I - one IV - four
II - two V - five
III - three
2. Follow the same rules as above, using the correct charge to
balance the positive and negative charges.
Examples:
1) nickel (II) chloride 3) copper (I) sulfide
2) lead (IV) nitride 4) tin (IV) oxide
Properties of Ionic Compounds

 Are soluble, they separate into positive and negative ions when they
dissolve in water.
 Will conduct an electric current in solution.
 Are the union of a (+) metal ion with a (-) non-metal ion.
 Are solids at SATP.
Molecular Compounds
A molecular compound is a molecule that contains two or more non-metals.

When molecular compounds come together they share electrons.
Diatomic molecules are molecules made of two atoms of the same element.
They are written…H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, also P4, S8
These are often called the “hockey stick” elements.
The elements that end in “-gen” (hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen) and the elements
that belong to group 17.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an

organization of scientists responsible for setting standards in chemistry, such as the
way in which chemical compounds are named.
A binary compound is a compound made from two elements.
Properties of Molecular Compounds

 Usually formed from only non-metal + non-metal ions.
 Do not form ions in solutions.
 Usually does not conduct electricity.
 Can be a solid, liquid or a gas at SATP.
Molecular compounds can come together in different combinations so we must use

a different naming system. We must now specify how many of each ion are present
one molecule, we do this using prefixes.
To name binary molecular compounds, the following rules are followed:

1. Write the entire name of the first element.
2. Change the ending on the name of the second element to –ide.
3. Use a prefix to indicate the number of each type of atom in the
formula:
mono - 1 penta - 5 nona - 9
di -2 hexa - 6 deca - 10
tri -3 hepta - 7
tetra - 4 octa - 8
Examples:
SO(g)
SO2(g)
SO3(g)
P3O5(s)
Note: the small symbols in parentheses after each compound, indicate the state of matter
at room temperature. Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g),
or aqueous (aq) a solid dissolved in water.
If you are changing from the written name to the symbol:
1. Write the symbols for the elements in the same order as they
appear in the name.
2. Use subscripts to indicate the numbers of each type of atom.
Examples:
1) carbon monoxide
2) chlorine dioxide
3) pentaphosphorus decaoxide
4) fluorine
Some molecular compounds are not named using the common naming method, but
rather they have common names, that need to be memorized!
Examples:
water H2O(l)
methane CH4(g)
hydrogen peroxide H2O2(l)
ammonia NH3(g)
sucrose C12H22O11(s)
glucose C6H12O6(s)
Topic 2.7 Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions
Forms of matter that go into a reaction are called reactants.
Forms of matter that come out of a reaction are called products.
During a chemical reaction chemical bonds are broken and new substances are
always produced.
Evidence of a chemical reaction:

 a colour change
 a gas is produced
 a change in temperature
 a solid (precipitate) is formed or dissolved
 a new odor is detected
A chemical equation can be written to represent a chemical reaction:
methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
reactants produces products
You can convert the above word equation into a chemical equation by substituting
the chemical formulas for the chemical names:
______________ + _____________  _____________ + _____________
Remember that according to the Law of Conservation of Mass, atoms are neither
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction…
…the atoms in the above reaction, as in all chemical reactions, change partners as
old substances are changed into new substances.
All chemical reactions involve changes in energy; energy is either produced or

absorbed during a chemical reaction.
Chemical reactions that give off energy are called exothermic reactions.
Examples:
Combustion reactions such as…
sulphur + oxygen  sulphur trioxide + energy (heat)
_______ + ________  ____________ + energy (heat)
glucose + oxygen  water + carbon dioxide + energy (heat)
_________ + ________  _________ + ____________ + energy (heat)
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called endothermic reactions.
Examples:
Corrosion…
iron + oxygen + energy  iron (II) oxide
___ + ______ + energy  ____________
Electrolysis…
water + energy (electricity)  oxygen + hydrogen
_____ + energy (electricity)  _____ + _______
Cooking…
baking soda + energy  carbon dioxide + water + sodium carbonate
NaHCO3(s) + energy  ____________ + _____ + Na2CO3(s)

Topic 2.8 Reaction Rate

The reaction rate is a measure of how fast a reaction occurs.
The rate of a chemical reaction can be sped up or slowed down by changing the
following factors:
Temperature: at higher temperatures, the rate of most chemical
reactions increases.
Examples: food is placed in an oven to cook faster; fresh fruit and vegetables are
placed in the refrigerator to slow down chemical reactions.
Stirring: stirring a chemical reaction will increase the rate of the

reaction.
Surface Area: the more surface area that is in contact, the faster the
reaction rate.
Concentration: as the concentration of the substance increases, the
number of particles per volume increases, so the reaction
rate increases.
To speed up a chemical reaction…

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being
changed itself. It does not affect the amount of products produced, only the speed
at which they are produced!
Examples: the production of vegetable shortening, synthetic rubber, and high-
octane gas are all chemical reactions that occur with the help of
catalysts.
An enzyme is a natural catalyst made by living things.

Example: the enzyme in saliva acts as a catalyst to help break down starch
molecules.
To slow down a chemical reaction…

An inhibitor is a substance that slows down the rate of a chemical reaction.
Examples: 1) plants contain inhibitors in their seeds to prevent germination until
conditions are right.
2) inhibitors are added to foods and medicines to slow down
decomposition.
I. Corrosion
Corrosion is the oxidation of metals or rocks in the presence of air and moisture.
One type of corrosion is rust.
Rust is iron oxide, a product of the chemical reaction of iron, oxygen, and
moisture.
What can be done to prevent corrosion?

1. Apply a thin coating of paint.
2. Coat it with zinc, which is resistant to corrosion. Galvanization is the
process of coating metals with a thin layer of zinc.
3. Use other metals as a covering to prevent rust, such as chromium.
Electroplating is the process of covering a metal with another metal by
using electrolysis.
II. Combustion
Combustion is the highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen.

Combustion requires heat, oxygen, and fuel.
Examples: burning gasoline in a car, natural gas in a furnace, food in our
body, propane in a barbeque etc.
What can be produced in the process of combustion?

 water (H2O(g))
 carbon dioxide (CO2(g))
 smoke, soot, and ash
 heat
 carbon monoxide (CO(g))
 oxides of sulfur and nitrogen (combustion of fossil fuels)

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Science 9 Chemistry Notes B

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Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 1

Topic 2.1 Exploring Matter

Science Connect 1 – WHMIS

MSDS Materials Safety Data Sheet

Lab safety test. Check and reflect pg 96

1.2 organizing matter sketch pg. 97

Particle Model of Matter

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Kinetic Molecular Theory Animation

Pure Substances Mixtures

Lab Safety Handout

Topic 2.2 Changes in Matter

1.2 organizing matter sketch pg. 97

Physical and Chemical Properties

Evidence of a Chemical Change

Chemical Reactions (5:13)

Lab: Physical and Chemical Change

Topic 2.1 What Are Elements?

Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)

Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of conservation of mass (0:50)

Law of Definite Composition

Activity: Decomposition of Water

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

2.2 Organizing Elements

Web Elements page

Laws, Theories, and Models

Model of the Atom

 reading a graduated cylinder, meniscus

Topic 2.4 Classifying Elements

Activity: Symbols for Elements P. 117: 1 - 5

Activity: Flame Test

Compound Metal Color

Lab: Metals, Non-metals, and metalloids

Topic 2.5 The Periodic Table

By 1850 scientists had identified 58 elements.

Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)

Reading information from the Periodic Table

Atomic mass number

2. For each of the following find:

Activity: Atomic number wkst #1

How are the electrons arranged within the atom?

 so Argon does not react

column Electrons in gain/loose ion charge example

Worksheet: Orbits and ions

Topic 2.6 Chemical Compounds

A chemical formula uses symbols and numerals to represent the composition of a

6 atoms of carbon 6 atoms of oxygen

Properties of Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Simple Ionic Compounds

3. Li+ + N3- =>

4. Al3+ + O2- =>

If you are changing from the written name to the symbol:

5. Sodium sulphide => Na+ + S2- =>

6. Scandium Oxide =>

7. Na+ + OH- => NaOH sodium hydroxide

8. Ca2+ + NO3- =>

9. potassium sulphate =>

10. hydrogen peroxide =>

1. A roman numeral, after the metallic element’s name, is inserted to

2) lead (IV) nitride 4) tin (IV) oxide

Properties of Ionic Compounds

A molecular compound is a molecule that contains two or more non-metals.

________ + _  _ + _______

_ +  ______ + energy (heat)

_____ +  _ + ________ + energy (heat)

_ + + energy  ________

___ + energy (electricity)  _ + _____

NaHCO3(s) + energy  ________ + _ + Na2CO3(s)