 To explain basic concepts in chemistry

 To be able to solve exercises involving

concepts in chemistry
 To discuss possible chemistry items covered
in NMAT.
 science that deals with the properties and
composition of various forms of matter

Matter
 anything that has mass and occupies space

Mass
 amount of matter in an object

Volume
 amount of space occupied by matter
 qualities or attributes of matter

I. Physical Property
 DOES NOT involve a change in identity or
composition

Examples:
 malleability, ductility, elasticity, viscosity, buoyancy,
brittleness, flexibility
A. Intensive Property
 DOES NOT depend on the amount of matter
in a substance

Examples:
 Boiling point, melting point, freezing point, density,
buoyancy, ductility,
B. Extensive Property
 depends on the amount of matter in a
substance

Examples:
 Mass, volume, energy, entropy, electrical charge
II. Chemical Property
 involves a change in identity or composition
 there is a chemical reaction

Examples:
combustibility, reaction with HCl, chemical inertness
Which of the following is correctly paired?
a. Extensive – boiling point
b. Intensive – molar mass
c. Chemical – freezing Point
d. Physical - combustibility
 States of matter

I. Solid
 compact
 definite shape and volume
 incompressible
 usually has low temperature
II. Liquid
 slightly spaced
 indefinite shape
 definite volume
 incompressible
 ability to flow
 follows the shape of the container
 usually has low to high temperature
III. Gas
 spaced apart
 indefinite shape and volume
 compressible
 high temperature
III. Gas
 spaced apart
 indefinite shape and volume
 compressible
 high temperature
IV. Plasma
 Ionized gas
 indefinite shape and volume
 less dense than solids or liquids
 most common state of matter
in the universe
 can be held in place by magnetic field
V. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
 Super atom
 Super unexcited and super cold atoms
Which of the following is true?
a. Solid molecules vibrate faster than
liquids making solids more
energetic
b. Wider spaces between liquids make
them compressible
c. Plasma is mostly similar to a solid
d. The volume of gases depends on
the volume of the container
S-L Melting
L-S Freezing
L-G Evaporation
G-L Condensation
S-G Sublimation
G-S Deposition
G-P Ionization
P-G Deionization
 Matter

Pure Substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds homogeneous heterogeneous

I. Pure Substances
 Only one kind of substance

A. Elements
 Only one kind of atom
1. Non-metals- anions; close to 8 valence
2. Metals-cations, small valence electrons
3. Metalloids – metal or non-metal
B. Compounds
 Two or more kinds of atoms
1. Ionic- transfer of electrons; metal & non-
metals
2. Covalent-sharing of electrons; both non-
metals
3. Metallic – both metals
II. Mixtures
 two or more kinds of substances

A. Homogeneous
 one phase
 solutions
B. Heterogeneous
 more than one phase
 colloids
 suspensions
Molarity = mole of solute
Liter of solution

Molality = mole of solute

kilogram of solvent
Normality = Molarity x equivalents

equivalents = moles of ions that dissociate

 Found in Group 8A
 Has the maximum number of electrons
permitted in the valence shell
 2 in helium and 8 in other noble gas atoms
Ionic
 made up of + and – ions
 metals and nonmetals
 losing or gaining of electrons

Covalent/ Molecular
 nonmetals
 sharing of electrons
 Usually solid, malleable, ductile, conductor
 Low electronegativities and ionization energy
 High melting point and densities
 Usually forms a cation
 Tendency of an atom to bond
 Measure of electron-attracting power of a
bonded atom
 Increases from left to right
 Decreases from top to bottom
Ideal Gas Law
 PV=nRT

Dalton’s Law
 Total Pressure = sum of partial pressures
 nA = PA = VA
nTOT PTOT VTOT

Boyle’s Law
 P1V1=P2V2

Avogadro’s Law
 V n
Charle’s Law
 V1=V2
T1 T2

Gay-Lussac’s Law
 P1=P2
T1 T2
Graham’s Law

(1) molecular speeds

(2) rates of effusion
______________________
(3) effusion times = √ratio of two molar masses
(4) distance traveled
by molecules
(5) amount of gas effused
First Law of Thermodynamics

∆U=q + w

Where
 ∆U=changes in internal energy
 +q (heat is absorbed)
 -q (heat is released)
 +w (work is done on the system
 -w (work is done by the system
Second Law of Thermodynamics

∆Suniv = ∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr >0

 All spontaneous processes produce an increase

in the entropy of the universe

 Spontaneous process – is a process that occurs in

a system left to itself; no external action is
needed
Third Law of Thermodynamics

 The entropy of a pure perfect crystal at 0K is

zero.
Principal Quantum No.
 n=1,2,3,4…

Orbital Angular Momentum

 l=0,1,2,3,…n-1

Magnetic Quantum No.

 ml=-l, -l+1, -l+2…0,1,2…+l

Electron Spin
 ms=+1/2 ( )
 ms=-1/2 ( )
Aufbau Process
 Building up process
 Assign electron configurations to the elements in order of
increasing atomic no.

Pauli Exclusion
 No 2 electrons in an atom may have all 4 quantum numbers alike

Hund’s Rule
 Electrons occupy singly first before pairing

Heisenberg Uncertainty
 When measuring the position and momentum of fundamental
particles of matter, uncertainties in measurement are inevitable
Perchloric acid
Hydroiodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydronium ion
Hydrogen sulfate ion
Phosphoric acid
Hydrogen fluoride
Nitrous acid
Acetic acid
Carbonic acid
Ammonium ion
Hydrogen carbonate ion
Isomers
 Same formula but different structures

Isotopes
 Same atomic numbers different mass number
 Mass number =proton + neutron
 Atomic number = proton

Isobars
 Same mass number different atomic number

Isotones
 Same number of neutrons

Isoelectronic
 Same number of electrons
Lactose
 Galactose-glucose
 Milk

Sucrose
 Glucose-fructose
 Table sugar

Lactulose
 Galactose-fructose
 Medicine for constipation

Maltose
 Glucose-glucose
 Cereals, milo
Mucic Acid Test
 Galactose and lactose

 Galactaric acid
 Concentrated nitric acid

 Crystal formation

Barfoed’s
 Monosaccharides

 Reduction of Copper II Acetate to Copper I Oxide

 Brick red precipitate
Benedict’s Test
 Simple test for reducing sugar
 Monosaccharides, glucose, fructose,
galactose and disaccharides, lactose and
maltose
 Presence of glucose in urine
 Blue solution; brick red precipitate

Hinsberg
 amines
Tollen’s Test
 Aldehyde, aromatic aldehyde and alpha-
hydroxyl ketone
 Silver-mirror test
 Silver nitrate and ammonia

Lucas Test
 Differentiates a primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols
 HCl and zinc chloride
Iodoform Test
 Methyl ketone or alcohols with methyl group
 Iodine + base
 Yellow precipitate

Beilstein Test
 Halogens
 Using pyrolysis producing a long lasting
green flame