Hello!

Nikolai Mappatao, RPh

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 BIOLOGY
Part 2
Molecular Biology | Genetics |
Ecology
Enzymes

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Enzymes
• Substances that hasten up
the reaction by lowering the
activation energy of a
certain chemical process
without using up itself in the
catalysis

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Enzymes
• Hydrolase
• Isomerase
• Ligase or Polymerase
• Lyase
• Oxidoreductase
• Transferase

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Hydrolase
• Reaction: Hydrolysis
• Example: Lipase

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Isomerase
• Reaction: Rearrangement of atoms
within a molecule
• Example: Phosphoglucoisomerase

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Ligase or Polymerase
• Reaction: Joining two or more
chemicals together
• Example: DNA Polymerase

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 Lyase
• Reaction: Splitting a chemical into
smaller parts without water
• Example: Aldolase

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 Oxidoreductase
• Reaction: Splitting a chemical into
smaller parts without water
• Example: Transfer of electrons or
hydrogen atoms from one molecule to
another

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 Transferase
• Reaction: Moving a functional group
from one molecule to another
• Example: Hexokinase

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DNA Processes

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DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid;
absence of -OH
• Double stranded; double
helix
• Contains Purines (Adenine
and Guanine) and
Pyrimidines (Thymine and
Cytosine)

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DNA Replication

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RNA
• Ribonucleic Acid; Presence
of -OH
• Single-stranded
• Contains Purines (Adenine
and Guanine) and
Pyrimidines (Uracil and
Cytosine

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Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
• Law of Dominance
• Homozygous Dominant (AA) – Dominant outcome
• Homozygous Recessive (aa) – Recessive outcome
• Heterozygous (Aa) – Dominant outcome
• Law of Segregation
• Ensures that each gamete contains one of the genes
of a gene pair
• Law of Independent Assortment
• Genes are randomly assigned to each gamete.
• Characteristics are totally independent from other
characteristics.

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Non-Mendelian Genetics
• Incomplete Dominance
• Blending of characteristics occur
• Codominance
• No Blending of characteristics occur
• Multiple Alleles
• Characteristics have more than two alleles
• Polygenes
• Characteristics are determined by two or more
genes

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Pedigree Analysis

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Ecology
Ecological Hierarchy

• Individual
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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BIOME
major ecosystem spread
over a wide geographic
area, and characterized by
certain types of flora and
fauna.

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Maps

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Tropical Rainforest
• Very dense plant growth
and very high level of
productivity
• Poor nutrient content in
soils due to high levels
of rainfall

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Chaparral
• Winters are rainy and
mild; summer days are
long, hot, and very dry
• Characterized by
periodic, seasonal fires

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Savanna
• Very fertile land, but with
harsh seasonal variations:
very wet season followed by
extremely harsh dry season
(during which most animals
migrate away)

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Desert
• Forms due to the low
level of rainfall it
receives each year

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Taiga
• Major plant form: evergreen,
coniferous trees such as
pines, firs, spruce, etc.
(Cone-bearing trees
• Relatively high levels of
rainfall, but short days in the
winter

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Tundra
• Characterized by
PERMAFROST: a
permanently frozen layer of
soil, which may be deeper in
summer than in winter, but
still prevents the growth of
large trees with deep root
systems.

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Saltwater • intertidal - region that is covered at
high tide, but exposed at low tide
• neritic zone - inshore, shallow, high
light levels
• oceanic zone - offshore, high light
levels, upper regions of water
column
• pelagic zone - water column;
contains both photic and aphotic
regions
• benthic zone - bottom substrate;
often rich in detritus

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Freshwater
• littoral zone - inshore,
shallow, high light levels
• limnetic zone - offshore, high
light levels, upper regions of
water column
• profundal zone - aphotic
• benthic zone - bottom
substrate; often rich in detritus

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Ecological
Transition
Primary Succession

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Secondary Succession

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THANK YOU!
Questions?
nikolaimappatao@gmail.com