CONCEPTOS Y DEFINICIONES SOBRE LA MATERIA DE: SCIENCE

G7
Objetivos:
• Student Will make diagrams or conceptual maps in our class notebook and will add
essential information.
• By doing these activity students must remember and memorize the information that
has been giving, in order to prepare them for this week test.
• Each student must come up with 5 questions without answers or evaluations exercises
ate the end and those questions must be sent to the teacher through teams.

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY DEFINITION
Chemistry is the scientific discipline that focuses on the study of matter, its properties,
composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It deals with
the understanding of the fundamental principles and laws governing the behavior of atoms,
molecules, and other chemical entities. Chemistry explores the interactions between different
substances and the energy changes associated with these interactions. Through experiments,
observations, and mathematical models, chemists seek to explain the behavior of matter and
provide explanations for its properties and transformations.

CHEMICAL CHANGES:
Chemical changes, also known as chemical reactions, occur when substances undergo a
transformation, resulting in the formation of new substances with different chemical
properties. In a chemical change, the atoms rearrange and bond in different ways, leading to the
formation of new chemical compounds or molecules. Some common examples of chemical
changes include burning, rusting, digestion, fermentation, and the reaction between acids and
bases.

STATES OF MATTER

Matter can exist in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. These states of matter are
determined by the arrangement, motion, and energy of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions)
that make up the substance.

SOLID: In the solid state, particles are tightly packed together and have a fixed shape and
volume. They vibrate in place but do not move around freely. Solids have strong intermolecular
forces that hold the particles close together. Examples of solids include ice, wood, metals, and
rocks.

LIQUID: In the liquid state, particles are still close together, but they can move past each other.
Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container. The intermolecular forces
in liquids are weaker than in solids. Examples of liquids include water, oil, and alcohol.

GAS: In the gas state, particles are widely spaced and have no definite shape or volume. They
move rapidly and freely in all directions. Gases can expand to fill the entire space available to
them. The intermolecular forces in gases are very weak. Examples of gases include oxygen,
nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

Additionally, there are two other states of matter:

PLASMA: Plasma is a highly ionized gas that consists of positively and negatively charged
particles. It is often created at high temperatures or under high-energy conditions. Plasma is
the most common state of matter in the universe and is found in stars, lightning, and certain
types of lighting.

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE: Under extremely low temperatures close to absolute zero,

certain types of atoms can form a state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate. In this
state, the atoms lose their individual identities and behave as a single entity.

ATOMS
DEFINITION:

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, and everything around us is composed of
atoms.

They are incredibly small, with a diameter on the order of angstroms (1 angstrom = 0.1
nanometers).

Did you know? LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS (5TH CENTURY BCE): These ancient Greek
philosophers are often credited with proposing the concept of atoms. Leucippus and his
student Democritus theorized that everything is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called
"Atomos" (meaning "uncuttable" or "indivisible" in Greek). They believed that these atoms
were in constant motion and combined in different ways to create all the substances in the
world.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE:

Atoms consist of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons
have a positive charge, neutrons are neutral (no charge), and electrons have a negative charge.

Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus at the center of the atom, while electrons orbit
the nucleus in energy levels or shells. Electrons occupy different energy levels or shells around
the nucleus. The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons, the second shell up to 8 electrons, and so
on (following the 2-8-18-32 rule).
 SHELLS

ELEMENTS AND PERIODIC TABLE

THE PERIODIC TABLE: The periodic table is like a special chart that organizes all the
different elements we know about. Elements are the basic building blocks of everything around
us, like the ingredients that make up a recipe. The table helps scientists and chemists
understand how these elements work together and how they're related.

WHAT'S AN ELEMENT? An element is a type of substance that is made up of only one

kind of atom. Atoms are like tiny building blocks that make up everything. Each element has its
own unique properties that make it special. Elements are named using letters from the
alphabet, and they also have their own symbols, which are short letters or combinations of
letters.

Important Elements to Know:

Hydrogen (H): It's the lightest element and is the most abundant in the universe. It's like the
simplest building block.

Oxygen (O): We need this element to breathe! It's in the air we breathe and the water we
drink.

Carbon (C): This element is super important because it's the basis of life. It's in all living things
and in things like pencils!

Sodium (Na): You might have heard of table salt, right? Sodium is part of salt, and it's also used
in some foods.

Helium (He): This is the gas that makes balloons float! It's also used in things like airships and
even cooling things like computers.

Iron (Fe): Iron is what makes things like nails and cars strong. It's a metal that's tough and
useful.
HOW THE PERIODIC TABLE WORKS: The periodic table is organized into rows called
periods and columns called groups. Elements in the same group often have similar properties.
Elements on the left side of the table are usually metals, which are good conductors of heat
and electricity. Elements on the right side are non-metals and often have different properties.

Why It's Useful: The periodic table helps scientists predict how elements will behave and
interact with each other. It's like a big cheat sheet that helps us understand the world of
chemistry!

Fun Fact: Scientists have even discovered new elements beyond what you might see in a
regular periodic table. They're really heavy and don't last very long, but it's still exciting!

CHEMICAL REACTION
In order to understand what is a chemical reaction? We first must understand chemical
equation works. A chemical equation is like a recipe that shows us how different substances
(atoms and molecules) interact with each other to create new substances. In these equations,
we use symbols and formulas to represent the different elements and compounds involved in
the reaction.

Here's an example of a simple chemical equation:

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

Now, let's break down the parts of this equation:

Reactants: The substances on the left side of the arrow are called reactants. In this case, we
have hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) as reactants. They are the starting materials for the
chemical reaction.

Arrow: The arrow in the middle of the equation means "reacts to form" or "yields." It shows
the direction of the reaction, going from the reactants to the products.

Products: The substances on the right side of the arrow are called products. In this example,
the products are water (H₂O). They are the new substances that are formed after the reaction
takes place.

Numbers in front of elements: The numbers in front of the elements (coefficients) tell us
the relative amounts of each substance involved in the reaction. In this case, "2H₂" means two
molecules of hydrogen gas, "O₂" means one molecule of oxygen gas, and "2H₂O" means two
molecules of water.

Subscripts: They indicate the number of atoms of each element in a molecule or compound.
Subscripts are used to show the ratio of different atoms present in a particular chemical
compound.
The chemical equation shows how hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react with each other to
produce water. In this reaction, the atoms of hydrogen and oxygen rearrange to form new
molecules of water.