LET Review

2013
Prepared by:
Ms. Yolene L. Borja
Chemistry
 composition of matter, its
properties & the changes it
undergoes.
“central science” it plays a
role in almost all professions.
It overlaps with many other
sciences.
 Definition of Terms
Matter
anything that occupies space that has
mass or weight.
Energy
 ability to do work
Elements
 building blocks of matter
Atoms
 smallest unit of an element
 Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
Constant Comp. Variable Comp.

Compounds

Elements INORGANI Homoge Heterog

ORG.
C neous eneous

Metals Metalloids Non-Metals

Colloids Suspension
PURE SUBSTANCES
Pure Substances
1.Elements
 Cannot be broken down to
simpler substances by a
chemical change.
Ex. Hydrogen- H
Oxygen - O
Argon - Ar
 Elements
Non
Metals Metalloids Metals
Metals
 Usually hard and solid except Hg, which is
liquid . Cs and Ga melt in unprotected hand.
 Malleable and ductile
 Conductor of heat and electricity
 Lustrous and shiny
 High density
 High melting points and boiling points
 High tensile strength
Metalloids
Solids
Brittle
Intermediate electrical
conductivity
Intermediate reflectance
Intermediate density
Low melting and boiling point
Low tensile strenght
Non Metals
 Some solid, Liquid(bromine) or gas.
Usually soft except diamond.
Brittle
Insulators
Dull except diamond
Low density
Low melting point and boiling point
Low tensile strength
 Compounds

ORGANIC INORGANIC

Compounds
 formed when two or more
elements combine in a chemical
change.
 Can be broken down into simpler
substances only by a chemical
reaction
ORGANIC
1. Organic COMPOUNDS
Compounds
 Carbon-containing
 extracted from living organism
(plants, animals etc)
 Organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen
bonds
 used as main source of energy in modern
world(as petroleum oil)
 Organic compound are covalent in nature
 Organic compound can form long and complex
chain of molecules(hence form polymers)
 9. Organic compound are source of energy for
human life(as food)
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 Any compound not containing carbon
atoms
 created either due to natural processes
or in the laboratory.
 contain metal atoms and other element.
 mineral in nature
 inorganic compound act as catalyst.
 both ionic and covalent in nature.
 Mixtures
Variable Comp.

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Mixtures
 material system made up of two or
more different substances which are
mixed but are not combined
chemically
 can be separated by ordinary
physical means
 Methods of Separation
1. Mechanical Methods
 Use of spoon and fork
 Forceps
 Magnets
 Sieves and other similar tools
2. Other Methods of Separation
 Decantation
 Filtration
 Centrifugation
 Coagulation or sedimentation
 Chromatography
 Distillation
 Decantation
Decantation
 pouring of a liquid from a mixture to
separate the liquid (decantate) from the solid
particles (Pagpapatining-Tagalog)
Filtration
Pouring of the mixture through a piece of paper
(filter paper) which lets the liquid (filtrate) pass
through but catches the solid.
 Centrifugation
is the settling of tiny suspended particles using
a centrifuge.
Distillation
 makes use of the differences in
boiling points .
 In a mixture of 2 liquids, the liquid
with the lower boiling point boils
and changes into gas first
 The gas is then condensed back
to a liquid state (distillate)
Distillation
 Crystallization

Occurs when simple sea water

is allowed to evaporate. The salt
crystallizes out
Gemstones like diamonds and
emeralds form when molten
rocks cool.
Crystallization
Chromatography

 a solution can be separated by

allowing it to flow along a stationary
substance.
An ink solution can be separated by
passing the solution through a piece of
paper .
The pigments travel at different speeds
through the paper.
Chromatography
1. Homogenous Mixture

 where the components that

make up the mixture are
uniformly distributed throughout
the mixture
 have only one phase, or have a
uniform appearance throughout
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Mixtures
 2. Heterogeneous Mixture

 is made of different substances

that remain physically separate
 Heterogeneous mixtures always
have more than one phase (regions
with uniform composition and
properties).
Heterogeneous Mixture
 Heterogeneous

Colloids Suspension

Colloids
 mixtures of 2 or more solids, liquids or
gases whose particles are bigger than the
particles of a solution but smaller than those
of a suspension.
 Tyndall effect & Brownian movement are
properties of colloids
Tyndall Effect John Tyndall
British Phycisist
 when a beam of light shines through a
collloid, the particles reflect the light in
all directions and the beam is visible
like a sunbeam in a dusty room.
 Robert Brown
Brownian Movement Scottish Botanist

 rapid, haphazard motion of

colloidal particles.
 caused by the collision of the
colloidal particles with the
molecules of the dispersion
medium
Brownian Movement
Suspension

 heterogeneous mixture where the

suspended particles can be seen and
are large enough to be trapped in a
filter.
 example muddy water looks uniform
in composition at first, after awhile
the suspended particles settle at the
bottom
Suspension
 States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

 Solid
 definite shape and
volume
 particles are held
together in fixed
positions and their
motion is restricted
Expands slightly when
heated
Strong molecular forces
between atoms
 Liquid
 fixed volume but
doesn’t have fixed
shape.
Particles are free to
move because they are
held together less
tightly than those of
solids.
 slightly compressible
 Gas
 has neither fixed
volume nor shape
 weak strong
molecular forces
between atoms
 assumes the entire
shape of a closed
container and to fill
its entire volume
Highly compressible
 Plasma
 gaseous state of matter
in which a part or all of
the atoms or molecules
are stripped of electrons
to form positive ions
and negative electrons
 example are light in
neon or fluorescent
tubes, lightning bolts,
welding arcs and fireballs
from nuclear weapons
 Properties of Matter

Physical Chemical

 Shape • a gas is produced,

Volume • the temperature changes,
Density • a substance disappears,
Diffusion • a solid is formed
Thermal Expansion • a colour change occurs,
• a new odour is produced.
 freezing point
Boiling point
 Properties of Matter

Intensive Extensive

1. Intensive Property
 don’t depend on the amount or
mass of the sample
 Example: density, melting point
and boiling point
2. Extensive Property
 depends on the amount
of matter or mass in a
given sample
 example: electrical
conductivity and
solubility
 Changes of Matter

Chemical Physical
1. Chemical Change
 change in the original composition of matter
after a chemical reaction takes place.
Ex. Burning of paper, ripening of fruits
2. Physical Change
 do not alter the composition of a substance
Ex. Melt, boil, freeze, dissolve, evaporate,
condense, sublimate, cut, bend, crack,
crush, grind
 Atomic Structure
Atom - defining
structure of
an element, which
cannot be broken by
any chemical means.
A typical atom
consists of a nucleus
of protons and neutro
ns with electrons
orbiting this nucleus.
 Atomic Theory

Democritus: matter is composed

of tiny indivisible particles called
atom.
John Dalton: theory on “The
nature of Matter”
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 Elements are composed of tiny indivisible
particles known as atoms. Atoms of the same
element are identical in all aspects while atoms of
different elements are also different.
During chemical reactions, atoms are not changed.
It only results to their rearrangement, combination
and separation
Elements combine to form compounds.
Compounds are composed of different elements.
The atoms in a compound are present in small
whole number ratios.
JJ. Thompson Atomic Theory

 Conceived that an atom is

composed of negatively charged
particles

 Charge to mass ratio of a single

atom

Atom model (plum pudding)

 Periodic Table of Elements
A tabular presentation
of elements according to
its properties.
In 2010 there are
already 112 known
elements
The table shows the
name of the element, its:
 symbol,
the atomic number,
atomic mass,
electronegativity
 Trends in Periodic Table

Periodic Trends Across a Down a Group

Period(L to R) (T to B)
Size (atomic decreases increases
radius)
Ionization energy increases decreases

Electron Affinity increases decreases

Electronegativity increases decreases

Metallic Character Decreases increases

 Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bond- when an element
loses or gains an electron, it
forms a charged particles called
ion. The ion becomes bounded
to one another by electrostatic
force

Covalent Bond-sharing of
electrons
System of Measurement

Measuring
 comparing anything with anything
with a standard to determine how
many times the standard is contained
in the object.
 In Physical Science, concepts are
expressed quantitatively and
qualitatively.
System of Measurement
Fundamental Quantities
 physical quantities basically
acquired from measurements
using the standard measuring
instruments.
Derived Quantities
 formulated based from existing
fundamental quantities
 System of Units (SI)

based primarily on the metric

system devised in 1970 by
French Scientist.
 On 1960, The International
Conference on Weights and
Measures held in Paris, France
defined the SI Units .
 System of Units (SI)
Quantity Base Unit Symbol
Mass
Kilogram kg
Length
Meter M
Time
Second S
Temperature
Kelvin K
Electric Current
Ampere A
Amount of
Substance
Mole Mol
Luminous
Intensity
Candela Cd
 Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is the way

that scientists easily handle
very large numbers or very
small numbers.
Ex. 0.0000000056
we write 5.6 x 10-9
 Scientific Notation

Rule:
Movement of decimal point to the
right, will yield to a negative
power of 10

Example: 0.053
0.053 = 5.3x10-2
 Scientific Notation

Rule:
Movement of decimal point to the
left, will yield to a positive power
of 10

Example : 24327
24327. = 2.4327x104
 Scientific Notation

Convert the following into

Scientific Notation:
1. 0.0000675486 =
6.75486 x10-5
or 6.75x10-5
Scientific Notation

Convert the following into

Scientific Notation:
2 ) 65343 =
6.5343 x104
or 6.53x104
Metric Conversion

Mass (WEIGHT)
1 g= 1/1000 mg
1 g= 1/100 cg
1 g= 1/10 dg
1 dekagram= 10 g
1 hectogram=100 g
1 kg = 1000 g
Metric Conversion

Length
1 m= 1000 mm
1 m= 100 cm
1 m= 10 dm
1 hectometer = 100 m
1 dekameter= 10 m
1 km =1000 m
 Metric Conversion

Volume
1 L= 1000 mL
1 L= 100 cL
1 L= 10 dL
1 hectolitre = 100 L
1 dekalitre= 10 L
1 kL =1000 L
 Prefixes in SI Units
Prefix Meaning Example
Tera 1 000 000 000 000 1x1012m
Giga 1 000 000 000 1x109m
Mega 1 000 000 1x106m
Kilo 1000 or 103 1x103m
Deci 1/10 or 10-1 1x10-1m
Centi 1/100 or 10-2 1x10-2m
Milli 1/1000 or 10-3 1x10-3m
Micro 1/000 000 or 10-6 1x10-6m
Nano 1/000 000 000 or 10-9 1x10-9m
Pico 1/000 000 000 000 10-12 1x10-12m
Convert the following:
53 Gigameter Kilometer
Factors:
1 Gm= 1x109m
1 km= 1x103m
53 Gm x 1x109m x 1km = 5.3x107km
1 Gm 1x103m
Practice Exercise:
Convert the following:
1. 23 g = __________ kg
Conversion factor:
1000 g = 1 kg
Factor Label Method
23 g x 1 kg = 0.023 kg
1000 g
2. 45 dm = ____________ mm
Conversion Factor:
1 m=10 dm
1 m= 1000 mm

45 dm x 1m x 1000 mm = 4500 mm
10 dm 1m
3.2630 mL =__________ 1 kL
Conversion Factor:
1000 mL = 1 L
1000 L = 1 kL
2630 mL x 1L x 1 kL
1000 mL 1000 L
= 2.63x10-3 kL or 0.00263 kL
 45 hL =__________ 1 mL
4.
Conversion Factor:
1000 mL = 1 L
100 L = 1 hL
45 hL x 100 L x 1000 mL
1 hL 1L
= 4500000 mL or 4.5x10-1 mL
Metric English Conversion
English Units of Length

1 foot (ft)=12 inches (in)

3 feet (ft)= 1 yard (yd)
5280 feet (ft)= 1 mile (mi)
1000 mils = 1 inch(in)
1 m=3.28 ft 39.37 in= 1m
1 lb= 454 g 1 pound=16 ounces
1 in=2.54 cm 1 ton= 2000 lbs
1 metric ton=2200 lbs
1 mi=1609m 1 oz= 437.5grains
Convert the following:
1. 8 feet meter
Factor:
1 m=3.28 ft
8 ft x 1m = 2.44 m
3.28 ft
Convert the following:
2. 15 cm inches
Factor:
2.54 cm= 1 in
15 cm x 1 in = 5.91 in
2.54cm
Convert the following:
3) 36 kg pound
Factor: 1pound (lb) = 454 g
1000 g= 1kg
36 kg x 1000g x 1 lb = 79.3 lbs
1 kg 454 g
 Temperature

Temperature- is the property

of matter which reflects the
quantity of energy of motion of the
component particles. There are
several scales used to measure this
value (e.g.,Kelvin, Celsius,
Fahrenheit).
Formulas in getting Temperature
Temperature-hotness or coldness of matter
“Heat always flow from an object at higher
temperature to another object at lower
temperature.”

Celcius
0C= 5 (T0F-32)

9
Example:
1. The temperature for roasting
chicken is at 3500F. What is its
temperature in 0C?
Given:
temperature= 3500F _______0C?
Solution:
0C= 5 (T0F-32)

9
= 5/9 (350-32)
= 5/9 (318)
0C = 176.67
Fahrenheit
0F= 9(T0C)+32

5
or
0F= 1.8(T0C)+32
Example
1. The normal body temperature
is 370C. What is its equivalent
in Fahrenheit thermometer?
Given:
temperature= 370C
_______0F?
0F = 1.8 (T0C)+32

= 1.8(370C)+32
= 66.6+32
0F = 98.6
Kelvin
0K= T0C + 273

Convert 176.670C Kelvin

0K= T0C + 273

= 176.670C + 273
0K = 449.67
Density- defined as the amount
of mass of an object divided by
its volume

D= mass
volume
D= m
v
1.A student measures the mass of an 8 cm3
block of brown sugar to be 12.9 g. What is
the density of the brown sugar?
Given: mass= 12.9 g
volume= 8 cm3
D=m/v
d= 12.9 g
8 cm3
d= 1.63 g/cm3