NATURE AND STATES OF MATTER

Anaximenes
 asserted that this primal element was air, Thales of Miletus thought it was water, and
Heraclitus believed it was fire.
Empedocles
 all matter is made up of four fundamental elements-namely, earth, air, fire, and water.
 law of constant proportions, which states that all things of the same type have the same
proportions of the elements that compose them.
Leucippus and Democritus (440 BCE)
 A Greek philosospher and his student ondered what would happen to a piece of gold if it
is cut indefinitely.
 Atomos meaning "uncuttable”.

 five main principles of Leucippus and Democritus' theory

1. All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to be seen by the naked
eyes.
2. Atoms are in constant motion around an empty space called void.
3. Atoms are completely solid.
4. Atoms are uniform, with no internal structure.
5. Atoms come in different shapes and sizes.
Epirucus of Samos
 Popularized atomism, the philosophy that matter is made up of atoms.

STATES OF MATTER
Matter
 nything that occupies space, and has mass and volume.
Solid
 Solid have a definite volume and maintain a definite shape.
 They are closely packed and almost incompressible.
 Solids do not flow.
 Solids do not fill their container completely.
 They have high densities.
Liquid
 Liquids also have definite volume, but do not have a definite shape.
 The particles are closely held together but not as in solids.
 They take the shape of their container.
 They slide past each other.
 Almost incompressible.
 They have medium densities
Gas
 Gases have no definite volume and no definite shape.
 Like liquids, gases take the shape of their container.
 The particles in gas are usually much farther apart than those in a liquid.
 Gases are easily compressed into smaller volume when pressure is increased, but they
greatly expand when heated.
Plasma
 the fourth state of matter. It has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.
Bose-Einstein Condensate
 The fifth state of matter, produced when a cloud of bosons (a type of an elementary
particle of matter) is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (T=0 K) such that
a large fraction of the bosons condense.
CHANGING OF MATTER:
Freezing
 Liquid-Solid
Melting
 Solid-Liquid
Condensation
 Gas-Liquid
Evaporation
 Liquid-Gas
Deposition
 Gas-Solid
Sublimation
 Solid-Gas
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Properties
 perceived by the senses
 It can be observed without changing the composition of a substance.
Intensive Properties
 Do not depend on the amount of matter present or being measured.
Extensive Properties
 depend on the amount of matter present or being tested.
Chemical Properties
 characteristics that can be observed with an accompanying change in the chemical
composition of a substance.
CHANGES IN MATTER
Physical Changes
 do not alter the identity of a substance
Chemical Changes
 produce new compounds with different chemical composition and a different set of
properties.
Photosynthesis
 the process through which plants transforms solar energy to chemical energy.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

a. Combination or Direct Union Reaction
a type of chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single
product.

A + B → AB
b. Decomposition or Analysis Reaction
It is a type of reaction in which a simple compound is broken down into one or more
simple substances. Decomposition reaction means “take things apart.”

AB → A + B
c. Single Replacement Or Substitution Reaction
characterized by one element replacing another element in a compound.

A + BC → AC + B
d. Double Replacement or Metathesis
It is sometimes called double displacement, metathesis, exchange, or ionic reaction. In
this reaction, two compounds exchange bonds or ions in order to form different
compound.

AB + CD → AD + CB

Prepared by your Idol:)