What is matter?
Matter is anything that occupies LIQUID
space and has mass.
Pure Substances
Are substances that have definite and constant
composition.
Have a fixed set of properties.
Element
 A pure substance consisting of only one
kind of atom in the form of homoatomic
molecules or individual atoms.
Compounds
 A pure substance consisting of two or
more kinds of atoms in the form of
heteroatomic molecules or individual
atoms.
Classifying Substances
When sulfur, an element, is heated in air, it
combines with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide.
Classify sulfur dioxide as an element or a
compound.
 Because sulfur and oxygen are both
elements and they combine to form sulfur
dioxide, the molecules of sulfur dioxide
must contain atoms of both sulfur and
oxygen. Thus, sulfur dioxide is a
compound because its molecules are
heteroatomic
Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two substances or
elements.
Have varying physical and chemical properties.
Homogeneous
 Has uniform composition throughout.
 All substances exist in one state of matter.
Heterogeneous
 Mixtures in which the properties and
appearance are not uniform throughout the
sample.
 Substances can exist in different states of
matter at once.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID
 It has a definite shape and volume.
 Particles are tightly packed together.
 Has definite volume but no definite shape.
 Particles are more loosely packed than in a
solid.
GAS
 Has no fixed volume or shape.
 Particles vibrate freely at high speed.
PLASMA
 Has no fixed volume or shape.
 Are electrically conductive, produce
magnetic fields and electric currents, and
respond strongly to electromagnetic forces.
 Lightning, electric sparks, fluorescent
lights, neon lights, plasma televisions,
some types of flame and the stars are all
examples of illuminated matter in the
plasma state.
Bose-Einstein Condensate
 A state of matter that is typically formed
when a gas of bosons at very low densities
is cooled to temperatures very close to
absolute zero.
 BECs have been used to create atom
lasers, atomic clocks and gravitational,
rotational or magnetic sensors with
excellent sensitivity.
Changes in Matter
Physical Changes
Are those in which the shape, size, or state of the
matter changes, but the substance is still
essentially the same.
It’s reversible.
Phase Changes
 It is the transformation of matter from one
phase to another.
 It always involves absorption or release of
heat.
Exothermic Reaction
A process that releases heat, causing the
temperature of the immediate surroundings to
rise.
 Condensation
  Freezing - melting point (intensive)
 Deposition Chemical Properties
 Recombination  As any of a material’s properties that
becomes evident during a chemical
reaction, that is, any quality that can be
Endothermic Reaction established only by changing a
A process that absorbs heat and cools the substance’s chemical identity
surroundings.
 Melting
 Evaporation
 Sublimation
 Ionization

Chemical Changes
 Occur when the composition of a
substance is changed, which requires the
breaking and forming of chemical bonds
during a chemical reaction.
 Result in the production of a new
substance, thus, it’s irreversible.

Properties of
Matter
Physical Properties
 Are properties that can be measured or
observed without changing the chemical
nature of the substance.
 Intensive Property
 Extensive Property

Intensive Property

- Any characteristic of matter that does not

depend on the amount of the substance present.
Extensive Property

- Any characteristic of matter that depends on the

amount of matter being measured.
Some examples of physical properties are:
- color (intensive)

- density (intensive)

- volume (extensive)

- mass (extensive)

- boiling point (intensive)

 CHAPTER 4:
STRUCTURE OF MATTER  A student of J.J. Thomson, who proposed
EARLY IDEAS ABOUT MATTER the 'planetary' model of atoms, made up of
Democritus (460-370 BC) a positively-charged nucleus surrounded
 All matter was composed of small, finite by orbiting electrons.
particles that they called “atomos”, a term  Had discovered the atomic nucleus in
derived from the Greek word for 1911 and had observed the proton in
“indivisible.” 1919.
 He thought of atoms as moving particles
that differed in shape and size, and which
could join together.
 He proposed that different types and
combinations of these particles were
responsible for the various forms of matter.

Aristotle (322 BC)

 He proposed that all things are made up
of the four elements fire, water, air, and
earth. He believed all materials on earth
were made up of small amounts of each RUTHERFORD PLANETARY MODEL
element.
John Dalton (1803  Described the atom as a tiny, dense,
 He revised the ideas of positively charged core called a nucleus, in
Democritus. which nearly all the mass is concentrated,
around which the electrons, circulate at
 He proposed the “Dalton’s Atomic Theory” some distance, much like planets revolving
in 1803. around the Sun.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY NIELS BOHR
 He improved on Rutherford’s Planetary
Dalton’s Atomic Theory Model.
 All matter is composed of extremely small  Developed the Bohr atomic model in
particles called atoms. 1913, with electrons travelling in orbits
 Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or around the nucleus, and chemical
destroyed. properties being determined by how many
 Atoms of a given element are identical in electrons are in the outer orbits
size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of
different elements differ in size, mass, and BOHR ATOMIC MODEL
other properties.
 Atoms of different elements can combine in  In an atom, electrons (negatively charged)
whole number ratios to form chemical revolve around the positively charged
compounds; nucleus in a definite circular path called
 In chemical reaction, atoms are orbits or shells.
rearranged, combined, or separated.  Each orbit or shell has a fixed energy and
these circular orbits are known as orbital
J.J. Thomson shells.

 An English chemist who lived from 1856- JAMES CHADWICK

1940.
 He is credited with the discovery of the
electron in the late 1900s, which was the
first subatomic particle to be discovered.
 He proposed the 'Plum-Pudding Model' of
the atom.
 An English physicist who was awarded the
1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his
discovery of the neutron in 1932,
elementary particles devoid of any
electrical charge.

PLUM-PUDDING MODEL
The electrons were embedded in a uniform STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
sphere of positive charge.
 Atoms has the nucleus where the mass of
ERNEST RUTHERFORD the atom is concentrated at the center.
  The nucleus consists of protons that are
positively charged and neutrons that has
no charge.
 Electrons are negatively charged and orbits
the nucleus.
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF ATOM
number also shows the number of electrons in a
neutral atom.
The Mass Number
The number of neutrons in an atom can also be
calculated by taking the difference between the
mass number and the atomic number.

Examples:

The Charge Number

 When electrons are removed in an atom, it
becomes charged and is transformed to
BERZELIUS NOTATION OF AN ELEMENT an ion.
 Since electrons are negatively charged,
 The letters designate the chemical symbol
for the element. the removal of electrons produces
positively charged ions called cations.
 Atoms that gain electrons from external
sources become negatively charged ions
called anions.
The charge number (q) is determined as the
difference between the number of protons and the
 The number in the upper portion is the number of electrons.
element’s atomic number.
 The number at the lower portion is its
mass number. Num
Numb Numb Atom
ber Mass
er of er of ic
Elem of num
electr neutr num
ent proto ber
ons ons ber
ns (A)
(e) (n) (Z)
(p)

In representing elements using this notation, it is heliu

2 2 2 2 4
easy to remember that mass numbers are m
always greater than atomic numbers. Hence,
your chemical representation is correct if the left lithiu
3 3 4 3 7
superscript (A) is greater than the left subscript m
(Z).
berylli
4 4 5 4 9
um

boron 5 5 6 5 11
Zinc (Zn), for example, has an atomic number of
30 and an atomic mass of 65.38 amu.
carbo
6 6 6 6 12
n
In some cases, only the mass number is shown.
This notation is also read as zinc-65, or Zn-65.

THE ATOMIC NUMBER

The atomic number (Z), also referred to in most The general notation for any neutral element,
references as the proton number (p), represents where X is its chemical symbol, A is its mass
the total number of protons present in an number, and Z is its atomic number.
element.
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal
to the number of electrons. Therefore, the atomic
 Electrons in atoms can have only certain specific
energies.
Electrons are organized according to their
energies into sets called shells.
Generally, the higher the energy of a shell, the
farther it is (on average) from the nucleus.

Shells are further divided into subsets of electrons

 When does the charge number become called subshells. The first shell has only one
positive? subshell, the second shell has two subshells, the
-If a neutral atom loses electrons, then third shell has three subshells, and so on.
it become positively charged. The subshells of each shell are labeled, in order,
with the letters s, p, d, and f. Thus, the first shell
has only a single s subshell (called 1s), the
second shell has 2s and 2p subshells, the third
 When does the charge number become
shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d and so forth.
negative?
-If a neutral atom gains electrons, then it will Shel Numb Subsh Maxim Names
become negatively charged. ls er of ells um of
ISOTOPES Subsh No. of Subsh
Are atoms that have the same atomic number ells Electr ells
(protons & electrons), but different mass numbers ons
(neutrons).
Some elements, such as carbon, potassium, and
1 1 s 2 1s
uranium, have multiple naturally-occurring
isotopes.
Isotopes are defined first by their element and 2 2 p 6 2s, 2p
then by the sum of the protons and neutrons
present. 3 3 d 10 3s, 3p,
3d

4 4 f 14 4s, 4p,
4d

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
 Are shorthand descriptions of the
arrangements of electrons in atoms.
 The order in which electrons are placed
into the orbitals is based on the order of
their energy. This is referred to as the
 Carbon-12 contains six protons, six
Aufbau principle.
neutrons, and six electrons; therefore, it
has a mass number of 12 amu (six
protons and six neutrons).
 Carbon-14 contains six protons, eight
neutrons, and six electrons; its atomic
mass is 14 amu (six protons and eight
neutrons).

The electrons fill lower-energy atomic orbitals

before filling higher-energy ones (Aufbau is
German for "building-up").

ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN THE

ATOMS
Shortcut way:
 Use the previous noble gas to abbreviate
the configuration.
 You just have to finish the configuration
from where the noble gas leaves