Understanding Material Strength,

Ductility and Toughness

Thrill properties and the word we use to describe them. This is information. You're going to need
fully understand future videos by the end of this video. I wan you to understand 60 words that we
use to describe materials. These are stiff strong ductile to brittle tough and hard with these words.
You'll be able to describe pretty much any material and better understand certain materials are
used in different applications technical videos, like this will be uploaded to my second channel
from now on which you can subscribe to by following this link on back up the technical stuff with
interesting real world examples first. We are going to learn what a tensile test is a tensile test is a
fundamental test in material mechanics. It's performed by pulling a sample of material apparent
until failure while measuring the force and displacement. It provides us with something called a
stress strain curve which tells us a lot about the materials reactions to forces in this scenario. The
stress is defined by the force applied to the test sample divided by the cross-sectional area. This
gives us units of Newton's per meter squared which You may recognize As the metric unit for
pressure Pascal's stress goes on the y-axis strain describes how much deformation has occurred
with that applied force and it is found by dividing the change in length by the original length. This
is placed on the x-axis. Let's watch this test again and see what information we can get from the
stress-strain graph as a stress risers the material begins to deform this initial linear region is elastic
deformation. That means if we remove the force the material will regain its original shape think of
how a rubber band.

Can deform hugely still come back to its original shape the end of this linear elastic deformation is
marked by the yield point from here out any additional stress will cause permanent deformation.
This is called plastic deformation distress continues to rise until it hits the ultimate tensile strength
point. This is the ultimate strength of the material the most stress it can handle from here less
stress is needed as the material begins to decrease in cross section, which can see happening here.
This is called necking this continues on to the material fractures we can Get a lot of really useful
information from this graph. The first is Young's modulus. Otherwise known as the elastic modulus
this describes host if the material is and it is obtained by finding the slope of this linear region a
steeper slope means a stiffer material for example, a high carbon steel may look like this whereas
a flexible material with the low Young's modulus like rubber would look like this this graph is not
to scale, but it should give you an idea of how this information is represented. Young's modulus is
one of the most used properties in engineering as we can use it to predict section and a huge
range of scenarios yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are two other important properties
an engineer will divide the yield or ultimate strength by the safety factor to achieve the maximal
allowable stress, which is used to influence the design of the product. Usually Engineers will aim to
keep the max possible stress. Well below failure, but safety factors differ between Industries. So
we've seen a stiff material and a flexible material now, let's look at a material in between this
material can be described as tough that dr. Tough simply means the material. It can absorb a lot of
energy without breaking the area under the graph here defines how much energy is absorbed
ductile means it deforms under pressure. The two previous materials could also be considered
ductile spring steel is a 12 and ductile material with a high yield strength, which is why it is used in
Springs Springs need to absorb energy without permanently to forming the opposite of ductile. It's
brittle a brittle material is a material that breaks with very little deformation glass Ceramics and
cast iron all fall into this category you can tell if a material is brittle or ductile by examining the
fracture Surface after they have broken a ductile material will have this characteristic Cup and
Cone fracture surface. Whereas brittle fracture is have granular flat looking for a tree service has
some materials can go from ductile to brittle when their temperatures are lowered. This was
actually a massive problem during World War II with the Liberty ship several of these ships literally
broke in half with no warning including the SS John P gains, which broke in half in The Frigid
Waters of the Bering Sea. It was later discovered that the grade of Steel Beam. Used became
brittle at lower temperatures. This problem was made worse by the stress concentration at the
hatches, which you learned about my first video while you're playing Windows around this
embrittlement is also thought to have contributed to the fracture of the Titanic's Hull the final
material property. I want to talk about is hardness. It is directly related to the stiffness and yield
strength of the material, but it is used to describe how difficult it is to tend to scratch in a braid
materials one way. This material property is measured is what the Rockwell hardness test. This
test involves three steps.

first some minor load is applied to the material by an indenter. This establishes is 0.4. The second
step and major load is then added which indents the material and for the final step. The major
load is removed while maintaining the initial load the difference in depth between the first and
third step is then used to calculate the hardness of the material diamond is a very hard material
which is why it is used in cutting tools one of the Fantastic properties of steel is its ability to be
heat treated to have its hardness tailored in different areas.

for example, which swords you want your Cutting Edge to be heard, but the core of the blade to
be doctor. This means the sword can bend Under Pressure without breaking while The Cutting
Edge can resist damage as always. Thanks for watching. I wouldn't have the opportunity to make
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Mechanics of Materials Lecture 02:

Stress
our discussion to continue walls cohesive materials only this means that the material properties
are uniformly distributed within the member and there is no void disconnection or breakage in the
material. from the Statics course we learned that there can be a maximum of six independent
internal reaction components three internal forces and three couple moments. I'd like to remind
you once again that if you are not sure how to determine the internal reactions. You need to
review Statics. We also learned from Statics that these six are in fact the resultant forces and
resultant couple moments summarized about the X y&z axes respectively the actual internal forces
are distributed throughout this cross section. We will learn more about how the internal forces are
distributed later in this course normally these result in internal reactions are placed at a special
point the centroid point of the cross-sectional area. Let's look at a very small area a differential
area Delta a on this cross section and the force acting on the small area is Delta F. Let's zoom in on
this area this Force Delta F can be resolved into three components along the X y&z directions
respectively. [11:18 a. m., 26/6/2020] Ricardo Moreno: again, the force component along the y
direction is the normal force and the X Z components are Shear forces. when this area Delta a
approaches 0 the area becomes a point and the normal stress Sigma at this point is defined as
Delta f y over Delta a and the shear stresses Tau at this point are defined as the force components
along the x and z directions over Delta a respectively note that the shear stress has two subscripts
the first to

[11:18 a. m., 26/6/2020] Ricardo Moreno: It indicates what surface it is surfaces are defined by its
normal Direction in this case the y direction then the second subscript indicates the actual
direction of the shear stress Vector since stress is defined as a force over area in an SI unit system
is a unit is new term over meter squared or Pascal and in the US customary unit system is unit as
apounds over inch squared or PSI

[11:19 a. m., 26/6/2020] Ricardo Moreno: therefore for an infinitesimal area Delta a on this cross
sectional surface. It could have a maximum of three independent stress vectors acting on it a
normal stress Sigma and the to Shear stresses tell corresponding to the three internal forces, but
does a particle only have one surface. Normally a particle is represented by a cube with infinite is
more sites. We all know that a cube has a six surfaces top bottom front back left and right there
for each surface. There is a normal stress Sigma that is perpendicular or normal to it and also to
Shear stresses Tau that are tangential to it. We call this the general state of stress of a particle.

[11:20 a. m., 26/6/2020] Ricardo Moreno: if you recall what I mentioned in the introductory video
for this course in mechanics of materials, we still only study objects that are in equilibrium.
Therefore the equilibrium conditions still apply derive the from the equilibrium conditions. We can
have the following to conclusions. first the normal stresses along the same direction must be
paired with equal magnitudes in opposite directions. Secondly the shear stresses within the same
plane in this case the YZ plane must have the same magnitude also their directions must have
follow this rule that the two adjacent Shear stresses must be either towards each other or away
from each other. [11:20 a. m., 26/6/2020] Ricardo Moreno: And this is called the complementary
property of shear. therefore the general state of stress of a particle can be characterized by six
independent stress components. There are three normal stress components along the x y&z axis
respectively Sigma X Sigma Y and sigma Z and three shear stress components within the XY plane
XZ plane and YZ plane respectively. when we reduce our 3D analysis to 2D analysis in other words,
we focus on the state of stress with the only one plane in this case the XY plane then there are
only three stress components the to normal stresses along the XY axis and the shear stress within
the XY plane and this is called the planer state of stress. Stress is a variable here. Let's look at the
normal stress it changes with the location across the cross-sectional area. the integration of the
normal stress over this area equals to the normal force stresses are tensile quantities. Therefore
the actual normal stress distribution is complicated and also beyond the scope of this course
instead an approximation using the average normal stress is generally sufficient. The average
normal stress is simply defined as the total normal force over the total cross sectional area this
corresponds to

[11:20 a. m., 26/6/2020] Ricardo Moreno: idealized a uniform distribution of the normal stress
over this cross section. This means that we assume the normal stress is the same everywhere on
this cross section. Similarly the shear stress in the X direction also varies with location and is
integration over the cross sectional area equals to the shear Force v x and again for convenience,
we Define the average shear stress as a simply VX divided by the total area and that also indicates
an idealized the uniform distribution of shear stress.

[11:21 a. m., 26/6/2020] Ricardo Moreno: and same thing for the shear stress in the Z Direction
the average shear stress in the Z direction is defined as Shear Force v z divided by the total area.
Now, please answer the following questions.