LESSON 1 Particulate Nature of Matter
particles.
Matter and Its Properties
I. The Particulate Nature of Matter
The study of atom started in the fifth century
B.C. by Greek philosophers Leucippus and
Democritus. They proposed the atomic
theory which holds that matter is composed
of a tiny, indivisible particles and was
adopted by Roman Lucretius, but Aristotle
did not accept the theory for quite a time. In
the 18th century, the theory was revived
which led to the study of the nature and
behavior of gases.
In 1808, John Dalton published his atomic
theory which states that atoms of a given
element have the same size and weight and
these atoms combine chemically in simple
ratios to form a chemical compound which
was later known as law of multiple
proportions. This theory was also evident on
Michael Faraday’s law of electrolysis.
A major development on the discovery of
atom was the periodic table which was
devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar
Meyer in which the elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic weights will show
periodic physical and chemical properties
and later known as the periodic law.
In 1913, Henry Gowyn Jeffreys Moseley,
using X-ray spectra found out that the
nucleus is characterized by atomic number
and is equal to the positive charges. He also
found that elements must be arranged in
increasing atomic number rather than
atomic weight as per the periodic law of
Mendeleev. In 1932, the discovery of
neutron made the atomic structure picture
complete.
I. States of Matter
MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE
AND HAS MASS.
Everything around us is made up of matter.
Matter is composed of tiny particles called
atoms which consist of even smaller
subatomic particles such as electrons,
protons, and neutrons. Matter can be in the
form of solid, liquid, or gas.
The states of matter can be distinguished
from each their because of the differences in
their physical properties. These differences
depend on the forces of attraction between
Solids have a definite volume and maintain a
definite shape. There is a strong force of
attraction between the particles and little
free space between them making these
particles closely packed together and rigid.
Particles in a solid tend to vibrate slowly and
have fixed positions. They cannot move much
because they are very close to one another
and have low kinetic energy.
Liquids also have a definite volume, but do
not have a definite shape. They take the
shape of their container. The particles in a
liquid are not as closely held together as in
solids. These particles have more kinetic
energy than those in solids, which is why they
can move past each other. The movement of
the particles causes the liquid to flow.
Gases have no definite volume and no
definite shape. Like liquids, they also take the
shape of their container. The force acting on
the particles of a gas is weak, which is why
they tend to move past each other freely.
The particles in a gas have high kinetic energy
and have lot of space between them, making
the gas flow.
The particles of these three states of matter
are characterized as follows:
1. Solid particles are tightly packed in a
regular pattern and vibrate but do not move
from one place to another.
2. Liquid particles are loosely packed with no
regular arrangement and have the ability to
move or past each other.
3. Gas particles are widely separated with no
regular arrangement and have the ability to
vibrate and freely move at very high speed.
LESSON 2 Properties of Matter
I. Physical and Chemical Properties
Matter is defined or described as anything
that takes up space, and it is composed of
miniscule particles called atoms. The
different types of matter can be distinguished
through two components: composition and
properties. The composition of matter refers
to the different components of matter along
with their relative proportions. The
properties of matter refer to the
qualities/attributes that distinguish one
sample of matter from another. These
properties are generally grouped into two
categories: physical and chemical.
Physical properties can be observed or
measured without changing the composition
of matter. Physical properties are used to
observe and describe matter. Physical
properties of materials and systems are often
describe as intensive and extensive. This
classification relates to the dependency of
the properties upon the size or extent of the
system or object in question.
Intensive properties is a physical property
that will be the same regardless of the
amount of matter. It is a bulk property,
meaning that it is a physical property that
does not depend on the size or the amount
of material. Extensive properties is a physical
property that will change if the amount of
matter changes.
Chemical properties of matter describe its
“potential” to undergo some chemical
change or reaction by virtue of its
composition. What elements, electrons, and
bonding are present to give the potential for
chemical change. It is quite difficult to define
a chemical property without using the word
“change”.
II. Physical and Chemical Changes
Chemical change results in one or more
substances of entirely different composition
from the original substances. The elements
and/or compounds at the start of the
reaction are rearranged into new product
compounds or elements. A chemical change
alters the composition of the original matter.
Different elements or compounds are
present at the end of the chemical change.
The atoms in compounds are rearranged to
make new and different compounds. A
physical change takes place without any
changes in molecular composition. The same
element or compound is present before and
after the change. The same molecule is
present throughout the changes. Physical
changes are related to physical properties
since some measurements require that
changes be made.
LESSON 3 Classification of Matter
Classification of Matter
There are two Ways by which Matter can be
classified
One is to classify it according to its physical
state: solid, liquid, gas. Another is to classify
it according to its composition: a pure
substances or a mixture
A pure substance contains only one kind of
element or compound. It has a constant
composition. It cannot be separated by
physical means. Pure substances can be
classified into elements and compounds.
Elements are substances composed of only
one kind of atom. Elements can be classified
into metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
Examples of common elements are Hydrogen
(H), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), and Nitrogen (N).
Metals constitute the greatest number of
elements in the periodic table. They are
located at the left part, the middle part, and
the bottom part (the lanthanide and actinide
groups) of the periodic table. These elements
have characteristics that are distinct from the
other elements.
Properties of Metals
Metals are lustrous in nature. They have a
shiny appearance.
Metals are malleable because their atoms
can move past each other without breaking
the metallic bond, therefore retaining the
structure of the metal.
Metals are ductile. It is ductile for the same
reason that the atoms of metals have the
ability to move past each other without
breaking the metallic bond.
Metals are good conductors of heat and
electricity. It has free electrons. They conduct
electricity well.
Most metals are solid at room temperature
except mercury. Francium, cesium, Gallium,
and rubidium melt at temperature slightly
higher than room temperature. Most metals
are hard.
Metals tend to be strong because of the
metallic bond that keeps the atoms close
together. The soft metals on the other hand,
include tin, lead, sodium, and copper.
Mercury which is liquid at room temperature
is also considered a soft metal.
Most metals have high densities. They are
generally dense since their atoms are closely
packed together because of strong attractive
forces. Metals with low densities are sodium,
lithium, cesium, and rubidium.
Nonmetals are elements that lack or do not
have the characteristics of metals. Nonmetals
are located at the rightmost part of the
periodic table, except for Hydrogen, which is
at the leftmost part (the first element of the
periodic table). Some characteristics of
nonmetals are the opposite to that of metals.
Properties of Nonmetals
Nonmetals have a dull appearance. They do
not have a shiny surface or appearance.
However, Iodine, a nonmetal, is lustrous.
Nonmetals are brittle.
Nonmetals are neither ductile nor malleable,
meaning they do not have the ability to be
drawn into thin wires or to be hammered
into thin sheets. The atoms of nonmetals
cannot move past each other without
breaking their bond, which is why nonmetals
break easily.
Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and
electricity because they do not have free
electrons that are typical of metals.
Nonmetals are good insulators and can
prevent the transfer of heat and electricity.
Since nonmetals do not have free electrons,
they can resist the flow of electric current
making them good insulators.
Nonmetals may exist in three states: Solid,
Liquid, and Gas at room temperature. Most
of the nonmetals exist in gaseous states.
Nonmetals have low densities. They have
weak attractive forces between their atoms
making them less dense.
Metalloids are elements which have the
properties of both metals and nonmetals.
They are located between the metals and
nonmetals forming a staircase pattern on the
periodic table.
Compounds are substances composed of two
or more kinds of atoms that are chemically
bonded together in fixed proportions.
Compounds can be classified as acids, bases,
or salts.
An Acid is a compound that donates H+ ions
in an aqueous solution. It tastes sour and
turns blue litmus paper to red.
A Base is a compound that accepts H+ ions in
an aqueous solution. It tastes bitter and turns
red litmus paper to blue.
Salt is a compound that is formed when an
acid and a base react. This reaction, which
forms salt and water is called neutralization.
Mixtures are made up of two or more
substances which are mixed together but are
not chemically combined. A mixture can be
homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Homogeneous Mixture has only one phase
and a uniform composition all throughout. A
solution is a homogeneous mixture.
Substances that make up a solution are
difficult to distinguish from one another.
There are different types of solution:
In a solid-solid solution, two or more solids
are combined to form a mixture.
In a solid-in-liquid solution, the solute is in
solid form while the solvent is q liquid.
Because they have the same molecular
property.
In a liquid-liquid solution, two or more
liquids are mixed to create a solution in liquid
form. A gas-liquid solution involves the
combination of a gas and a liquid. Lastly, a
gas-gas solution is a combination of two or
more gases combined.
Heterogeneous Mixture has two or more
phases. It does not have a uniform
composition. One substance can be
separated easily from the other. A
heterogeneous mixture can be a colloid or a
suspension.
Colloids, which is also called colloidal
dispersions, that have particles bigger than
those of a solution but smaller than those of
a suspension. These particles are evenly
distributed throughout the mixture and
remain dispersed without settling at the
bottom of the container. A colloid appears
homogeneous, but the particles are
recognizable under a microscope. In this type
of mixture, a substance is distributed in
another substance.
Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures
that have particles bigger than those of
colloids. They contain solid particles which
eventually settle after interacting with a
solvent-like phase. One way to separate the
components of a suspension is by filtration.