EASTERN SAMAR NATIONAL CHEMISTRY 1

COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL MODULE 1

Matter and its Properties

I. Introduction:
Chemistry is the field of science genuinely focuses on the studying the behavior, properties and
changes on MATTER. Matter is defined as anything that would occupy a space and would have mass.
Whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, there is also an accompanying change in energy.
Physical change is when the change in a substance still keeps its chemical identity and only changes its
physical characteristics. Otherwise, any change to a substance that would result to a formation of a new
substance is called a chemical change.
Matter is characterized by its properties: physical or chemical. Chemical property of a substance can
be observed only if it will undergo chemical change. Physical properties are those that can be measured and
observed without changing or altering its composition or identity.
In this module we will explore the particulate nature of matter and its properties.

II. Content Standard:

 The learners demonstrate an understanding of the properties of matter and its various forms.

III. Objectives:
With this module, you are expected to:
a. Classify the properties of matter.
b. Describe the particulate nature of the different forms of matter.
c. Familiarize with the different classification of matter.

IV. Learning Competencies:

 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-1
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-2
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-3
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-4
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-6
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-7
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-8
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-9
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-10
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-11
 STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12
V. Content:
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Matters all around you occurs in one of three physical states – solid, liquid gas. In some specific
conditions, many pure substances could exist in any of these states. We have always defined matter as
practically the “stuff” of the universe: air, glass, planets, and humans – anything that has mass and occupies
space.
We learn about matter by observing its properties, these are characteristics that give each
substance its identity. To identify a substance, we observe two types of properties, physical and chemical
properties. These properties are closely related to the observable types of change that matter undergoes.
Physical properties are those that a substance shows by itself, without changing into or interacting
with another substance. Some physical properties include color, melting point, electrical conductivity and
density. A physical change occurs when a substance changes physically while maintaining its chemical
composition. The phase change of liquid water to solid ice is a notable example of physical change.

Chemical properties are those that a substance shows as it changes into or interacts with another
substance (or substances). Some examples are flammability, corrosiveness, and reactivity with acids.
Module 1 for Chemistry 1 Rassel C. Santos – Chem1 Teacher
 EASTERN SAMAR NATIONAL CHEMISTRY 1
COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL MODULE 1

Chemical change, also known as chemical reaction, occurs when substances are converted into a new or
different substance (or substances).

Some properties are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Some Characteristics Properties of Matter
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Luster Solubility
Conductivity Corrosiveness
Density
Melting point
Boiling point
Malleability
Ductility
Table 1.2 shows the different properties of matter characterized as intensive and extensive.
Intensive property of a matter pertains to those that are independent to the amount of substance present.
No matter how much of the material is present these properties does not change as it is unique or constant
for each material. However, extensive properties are those that depend on how much of that substance is
used or present. They vary accordingly for every substance used.

Table 1.2 Properties of Matter According to the Substance present

INTENSIVE PROPERTY EXTENSIVE PROPERTY
Temperature Mass
Pressure Volume
Density

Matter occurs commonly in three physical states: solid, liquid and gas. A solid has a definite shape
and does not conform to the shape of the container. A liquid follows the shape of the container but only fills
to the extent of its containers volume. A gas fills the container entirely regardless of shape or volume.

Table 1.3 shows how the states of matter are different from each other.
Table 1.3 Macroscopic Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
State Shape and Volume Compressibilit Ability to Flow
y
Solid Maintains own shape and volume Almost none Almost none
Liquid Conforms shape of container; volume limited Very Low Moderate
by surface of container
Gas Conforms to shape and volume of container High High
Source: M. Silberberg (2006) Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 4/e

Matter, is particulate in nature. It is composed of fundamental units that have been described since
ancient times. Matter can be classified into substance (elements and compounds) and mixtures.
Substances are materials that have constant composition. Substances like elements (e.g. copper)
and compounds like salt (NaCl) have a definite or fixed composition and distinct properties. Regardless
where you could find them, these matters will have the same composition.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that retain their distinct identity. For
example, sugar tastes sweet while water is tasteless; when mixed, both sugar and water retain their
properties and composition in the mixture. Figure 1.1 shows how matter is divided into pure substances and
mixtures.

MATTER
Module 1 for Chemistry 1 Rassel C. Santos – Chem1 Teacher
PURE
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
 EASTERN SAMAR NATIONAL CHEMISTRY 1
COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL MODULE 1

Figure 1.1 Classification of Matter

ELEMENTS
 Can be classified as:
o Metals – elements having certain characteristic physical property: shiny (metallic luster),
high density, ductile (capability of being bent or pulled into shapes) and malleable (capability
of a metal to be stretched or be folded into thin sheets under high pressure), high melting
points (usually), usually hard, usually solid at room temperature and can conduct heat and
electricity as well.
 Alkali metals (e.g. Li, Na, and K) – metals with low density, usually soft, and low
melting point
 Alkaline Earth metals (e.g. Mg, Ca, and Ba) – extremely reactive, seldom found in
metallic, elemental form.
 Transition metals (e.g. Cu, Ni, and Ti) – most follows the definition of a metal except
for mercury (Hg) which is liquid at room temperature.
o Non-metals – typically brittle and tend to break thus, not easily bended or molded into
shapes. Their surface is dull and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity; they have low
density and melt at low temperatures.
o Metalloids – have characteristic properties of both metals and non-metals.

COMPOUNDS
 Can be identified as:
o Ionic compounds – defined as being compounds where two or more ions are held next to
each other by electrostatic force of attraction. The ionic bonding is formed as a result of the
transfer of one or more electrons from a metal into a non-metal
o Covalent compounds – is a compound in which the atoms that are bonded share electrons
rather than transfer electrons from one to the other. The covalent bond is from the bonding
of two non-metals.
 Compound can also be classified into:
o Acids – substances which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ion (H + or free p+). The
solutions made from/with acids taste sour, turn blue litmus paper to red, react with certain
metals, and react with bases to form salts and water.
o Bases – substances which ionize to produce hydroxide ions in water. Solutions of bases taste
bitter, feel slippery to touch, and turn red litmus paper to blue, react with oils and grease,
and react with acids to form salts with water.
o Salts – crystalline compounds formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.

MIXTURES
 Divided into two classes:
o Heterogeneous mixtures – made up of more than one phase; its composition is not uniform
throughout and the substance present can be separated by physical means. Sometimes
called coarse mixtures.

Module 1 for Chemistry 1 Rassel C. Santos – Chem1 Teacher

 EASTERN SAMAR NATIONAL CHEMISTRY 1
COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL MODULE 1

o Homogeneous mixtures – made up of only one phase; its composition is the same
throughout and the substances present can be separated by physical means. Sometimes
called solutions.
o Colloids – are special class of mixtures where the phase is a result of the intermediate
combination between two different phases. The composition is the same all throughout and
it can be separated by the absence of an emulsifier.
Table 1.4 describes the methods in separating mixtures from its components.
Table 1.4 Different Separation Methods in Separating Mixtures
Process Description
Filtration Separates insoluble solids (precipitate) from a mixture
Crystallization Separates a soluble solid based from its solubility in water at 25°
Celsius
Dissolution Separates soluble and insoluble substances using appropriate solvent
Simple Distillation Separates volatile liquid from an nonvolatile one
Fractional Distillation Separates two or more immiscible liquids with different boiling
points
Chromatography Used to identify a substance, determine its purity and separates two
or more substances in a mixture based on its solubility in the same
solvent
Decantation a process to separate mixtures by removing a liquid layer that is free
of a precipitate, or the solids deposited from a solution
Sublimation A process where a mixture of solids separates when one component
sublimes

References:
 Patalinghug, Wyona C. Ph.D., Camacho, Vic Marie I. Ph.D., Sevilla, Fortunato C. III Ph.D., Singson,
Maria Cristina D. General Chemistry 1: Teaching Guide for Senior High School. CHED: K to 12
Transition Program Management Unit and Philippine Normal University. 2017
 Physical Science: A Reviewer for the Licensure Examination for Teachers. Taft Avenue, Manila. PNU
University Press. 2011
 Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 4th edition. New York.
McGraw -Hill Publishing. 2006.
 Helmenstine, A. M. Ph.D. (2019, December 9). What Is Decantation and How Does It Work?
Retrieved August 13, 2020 from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-decantation-
604990#:~:text=Decantation%20is%20a%20process%20to,or%20to%20recover%20the
%20precipitate.
 Shangming. (2010, June 28). Separation Techniques: Sublimation, Decanting and Centrifuging.
Retrieved August 13, 2020 from
http://theartofseparationtechniques.blogspot.com/2010/08/sublimation-decanting-and-
centrifuging.html#:~:text=Sublimation%20separates%20a%20mixture%20of,changes%20back%20to
%20solid%20directly.

Module 1 for Chemistry 1 Rassel C. Santos – Chem1 Teacher