NATURE OF MATTER

AND ENERGY
Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass. It includes all things – both living and
nonliving as well as naturally occurring and
manmade.
Examples: plants, soil, rocks, air, bacteria,
plastics
Various forms of energy such as heat, light, and
electricity are not considered to be matter. The
universe is composed entirely of matter and
energy.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
A. According to origin or source
a. Organic compounds - so called because many of them were originally isolated from living
organisms, typically contain chains or rings of carbon atoms. Because of the great variety
of ways that carbon can bond with itself and other elements, there are more than nine
million organic compounds.
b. Inorganic compounds – compounds other than organic compounds that do not contain
carbon
Subclasses of inorganic compounds:
• Oxides – compounds that contain O2− ions or oxygen atoms
• Acids – compounds which contain hydrogen ion replaceable by metals. They are
characterized by their sour taste and changes blue litmus paper to red.
• Bases – hydroxides of metals. The soluble bases are called alkalis. They are characterized
by their bitter taste and slippery or soapy feeling and changes red litmus paper to blue
• Salt – the neutralization product of the reaction of acid with a base
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
B. According to physical state or phase
The classification of a given matter sample in terms of physical state is based on
whether its shape and volume are definite or indefinite. Matter exists in three physical
states:
a. Solid - Physical state characterized by a definite shape and a definite volume.
b. Liquid - Physical state characterized by an indefinite shape and a definite volume.
- Always takes the shape of its container to the extent that it fills the container.
c. Gas - Physical state characterized by an indefinite shape and an indefinite
volume.
- Always completely fills its container, adopting both the container’s volume and
its shape.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

The state of matter observed for a particular substance depends on its:

– Temperature
– Surrounding pressure
– Strength of the forces holding its structural particles together
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
C. According to composition
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
1. Pure substance are homogeneous matter that has a definite chemical composition and
characteristic properties.
a. Element – a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by
chemical means such as a chemical reaction, an electric current, heat, or a beam of light.
Examples: gold, silver, copper
An element is a metal if it has the following properties.
1) It is lustrous i.e. it has shining of surface.
2) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
3) It is ductile i.e. it can be drawn into wires.
4) It is malleable i.e. it can be beaten into thin sheets.
5) It has a tendency to lose one or more electrons.
6) It is solid at room temperature.
Exceptions: Mercury and Gallium are liquids at room temperature. Zinc is not malleable and
ductile.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

An element is a non-metal if it has the following properties.

1) It has no luster.
2) It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
3) It is not ductile.
4) It is not malleable, it is brittle i.e. it can be broken into pieces when beaten
5) It has a tendency to gain one or more electrons.
6) It is a liquid or gas or a brittle solid at room temperature
A metalloid is an element which exhibits both metallic and non-metallic properties.
Ex. boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium.
b. Compound – a pure substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler pure
substances by chemical means.
Examples: water, carbon dioxide, ammonia
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
2. Impure Substance or Mixture – composed of two or more substances whose
composition may vary within certain limits. The substances making up a mixture are
called components.
a. Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition throughout its mass. It does
not have visible boundaries of separation between the various components.
• Solution – homogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved in another
substance. The solute dissolves in the solvent. The solvent is a liquid or gas, and the
solute can be a solid, liquid or gas.
Ex. Air, wine, salt and water, isopropyl alcohol, etc.
• Colloid – a mixture whose particles are not as small as solution but they are so
small that cannot be seen by naked eye. When a beam of light is passed through a
colloid then the path of the light becomes visible.
Ex. Milk, smoke, mayonnaise, Styrofoam, etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

a. Heterogeneous mixtures do not have a uniform composition

throughout its mass also it has visible boundaries of separation
between various components. The particles in suspension do
not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the medium
• Suspension – usually created by stirring together two or more
components, where the particles are typically large enough to be
seen by the naked eye or a magnifying glass. The particles in
suspension do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the
medium
Ex. Paints, Muddy water chalk water mixtures etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

b. Heterogeneous mixtures do not have a uniform composition

throughout its mass also it has visible boundaries of separation
between various components. The particles in suspension do not
dissolve but remain suspended throughout the medium
• Suspension – usually created by stirring together two or more
components, where the particles are typically large enough to
be seen by the naked eye or a magnifying glass. The particles
in suspension do not dissolve but remain suspended
throughout the medium
Ex. Paints, Muddy water chalk water mixtures etc.
Table 2.1. Comparison between Compounds and Mixtures

Meaning Mixtures are the impure Compounds are the pure

substances, made up of form, made up of two or
two or more physically more chemically mixed
mixed substances. They elements. These are
can be homogeneous or generally homogeneous.
heterogeneous by nature.
Table 2.1. Comparison between Compounds and Mixtures
Meaning Mixtures are the impure
substances, made up of two or
more physically mixed
substances. They can be
homogeneous or heterogeneous
by nature.
Compositi The substances which are found
on in the mixtures are not in fixed
quantity, that means their ratio
varies.
Compounds are the pure form,
made up of two or more
chemically mixed elements.
These are generally
homogeneous.
But in the case of compounds,
the elements are present in fixed
quantity, that means their ratio is
fixed.
Table 2.1. Comparison between Compounds and Mixtures
Properties The properties of the mixtures also vary
(not fixed) as it depends on the type of
substances and the quantity by which
these are being mixed.
For the particular type of compound,
the properties are fixed and do not
vary, as the elements present in the
compounds are fixed and are in the
fixed ratio.

Formula Mixtures do not have a certain formula. Compounds have a specific formula,
depending on the constituents present.

Separation The substances of the mixtures are easy The elements are not easy to separate
to separate by different physical and if done than it is by chemical
methods like filtration, methods.
chromatography, evaporation
Table 2.1. Comparison between Compounds and Mixtures
Substances No new substances are formed from the There is always formation of the new
mixtures, due to the unchangeable substances, due to the mixing of the
properties of its constituents. chemical properties of the different
constituents.

Melting/Boili Mixtures do not have fixed melting or The compound once formed, have
ng point boiling point. fixed melting and boiling point.

Heat change There is no heat change, or There is a heat change, and energy is
involvement of energy is observed used or released during the formation
when mixtures are made. of the compounds, as it is a chemical
reaction.

Examples Alloys like brass, bismuth, chromium, Compounds like Baking soda,
oceanic water (salt and water), mixtures Methane, Salt, etc.
of gases, etc.
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. Physical properties are characteristics that scientists can measure without
changing the composition of the sample under study, such as mass, color, and
volume (the amount of space occupied by a sample).

a. Extensive properties vary with the amount of the substance and include
mass, weight, and volume.
b. Intensive properties, in contrast, do not depend on the amount of the
substance; they include color, melting point, boiling point, electrical
conductivity, and physical state at a given temperature.

2. Chemical properties describe the characteristic ability of a substance to react

to form new substances; they include its flammability and susceptibility to
corrosion.
 CHANGES IN MATTER
1. Physical Change affects a substance’s physical properties and does not cause a substance to
become a fundamentally different substance. Many physical changes are reversible (such as heating
and cooling)
Ex. Cutting, tearing, shattering, grinding, and mixing are further types of physical changes
because they change the form but not the composition of a material.
Phase changes are changes that occur when substances are melted, frozen, boiled
condensed, sublimated, or deposited.
2. Chemical Change causes a substance to change into a new substance with a new chemical
formula. It is a process involving the breaking or making of interatomic bonds and the
transformation of a substance (or substances) into another. Chemical changes are often irreversible
or only reversible with an additional chemical change.
Evidences of chemical change:
a. The formation of gas bubbles is often the result of a chemical change.
b. A chemical change might also result in the formation of a precipitate, such as the appearance of a
cloudy material when dissolved substances are mixed.
c. An unexpected color change or release of odor also often indicates a chemical change.
 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

1. Paper Chromatography. This method is often used in the food industry. It is used to identify
chemicals (coloring agents) in foods or inks. For example, if a scientist wants to know how
many substances are in a particular blob of ink, paper chromatography can be used.
2. Filtration. This is a more common method of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid. An
example of such a mixture is sand and water. Filtration is used in water treatment plants, where
water from rivers is filtered to remove solid particles.
3. Evaporation. It is great for separating a mixture (solution) of a soluble solid and a solvent.
The process involves heating the solution until the solvent evaporates (turns into gas) leaving
behind the solid residue.
4. Simple distillation. This method is best for separating a liquid from a solution. In a way, the
concept is similar to evaporation, but in this case, the vapor is collected by condensation. For
example, if you want to separate water from a salt solution, simple distillation would be great
for this.
 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

5. Fractional distillation. Similar to simple distillation, fractional distillation is

best for separating a solution of two miscible liquids. The Fractional method
takes advantage of the different boiling points of the two liquids.
6. Magnetism. Magnetism is ideal for separating mixtures of two solids with one
part having magnetic properties. Some metals like iron, nickel and cobalt have
magnetic properties whiles gold, silver and aluminum do not. Magnetic elements
are attracted to a magnet.
7. Separating funnel. In this technique, two liquids that do not dissolve very
well in each other (immiscible liquids) can be separated by taking advantage of
their unequal density. A mixture of oil and water, for example, can be separated
by this technique.
 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

5. Fractional distillation. Similar to simple distillation, fractional distillation is

best for separating a solution of two miscible liquids. The Fractional method
takes advantage of the different boiling points of the two liquids.
6. Magnetism. Magnetism is ideal for separating mixtures of two solids with one
part having magnetic properties. Some metals like iron, nickel and cobalt have
magnetic properties whiles gold, silver and aluminum do not. Magnetic elements
are attracted to a magnet.
7. Separating funnel. In this technique, two liquids that do not dissolve very
well in each other (immiscible liquids) can be separated by taking advantage of
their unequal density. A mixture of oil and water, for example, can be separated
by this technique.
 CHANGER IN ENERGY

What is energy?

Look around you. Is anything moving? Can you hear, see or feel anything? Sure... this is because
something is making something happen, and most probably, there is some power at work. This
power or ability to make things happen is what we can call energy. It makes things happen. It
makes change possible.
CHANGES IN ENERGY
1. Endothermic reactions: Heat is absorbed.
Photosynthesis: Plants absorb heat energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and
water into
glucose and oxygen.
6CO2 + 6 H2O + heat ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cooking an egg: Heat energy is absorbed from the pan to cook the egg.
 CHANGER IN ENERGY
2. Exothermic reactions: Heat is released.
Combustion: The burning of carbon-containing compounds uses oxygen, from air, and
produces carbon dioxide, water, and lots of heat. For example, combustion of methane (CH4​)
can be represented as follows:
CH4 + 2(O2) ---> CO2 + 2H2O + heat
Rain: Condensation of water vapor into rain releasing energy in the form of heat is an
example of an exothermic process.
When chemical bonds are formed, heat is released, and when chemical bonds are broken, heat
is absorbed. Molecules inherently want to stay together, so formation of chemical bonds
between molecules requires less energy as compared to breaking bonds between molecules,
which requires more energy and results in heat being absorbed from the surroundings.
Enthalpy of a reaction is defined as the heat energy change (ΔH) that takes place when
reactants go to products. If heat is absorbed during the reaction, ΔH is positive; if heat
is released, then ΔH is negative.
 LAWS OF MATTER AND ENERGY

1. The Conservation of Mass

The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass present before a
chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present after the chemical
reaction, in other words, mass is conserved.

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) formulated the law of conservation of mass,

which "means that the atoms of an object cannot be created or destroyed, but
can be moved around and be changed into different particles." This law says
that when a chemical reaction rearranges atoms into a new product, the mass
of the reactants (chemicals before the chemical reaction) is the same as the
mass of the products (the new chemicals made).
 LAWS OF MATTER AND ENERGY
2. Law of Conservation of Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is transformed from one form to
another, the amount of energy remains constant i.e. energy cannot be created nor
destroyed.
3. Law of Definite Proportions
Law of Definite Proportions states that in a given type of chemical substance, the
elements are always combined in the same proportions by mass.
Joseph Proust (1754-1826) formulated the law of definite proportions (also called
the Law of Constant Composition or Proust's Law). This law states that if a compound
is broken down into its constituent elements, the masses of the constituents will always
have the same proportions, regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance.
Joseph Proust based this law primarily on his experiments with basic copper carbonate.
The Law of Definite Proportions applies when elements are reacted together to form the
same product.
 LAWS OF MATTER AND ENERGY

4. Law of Multiple Proportions

The law of multiple proportions states that if two elements form more than
one compound between them, the masses of one element combined with a
fixed mass of the second element form in ratios of small integers
Many combinations of elements can react to form more than one
compound. In such cases, this law states that the weights of one element
that combine with a fixed weight of another of these elements are integer
multiples of one another. It's easy to say this, but please make sure that
you understand how it works. Nitrogen forms a very large number of
oxides, five of which are shown here.
 LAWS OF MATTER AND ENERGY

Figure 2.3. Law of Multiple Proportions applied to nitrogen oxides (NOx) compounds. Image used with permission (CC-BY; Stephen Lower)

• Line shows the ratio of the relative weights of the two elements in each compound. These ratios were calculated by simply
taking the molar mass of each element, and multiplying by the number of atoms of that element per mole of the compound. Thus for
NO2, we have (1 × 14) : (2 × 16) = 13:32. (These numbers were not known in the early days of Chemistry because atomic weights (i.e.,
molar masses) of most elements were not reliably known.)
• The numbers in Line are just the mass ratios of O:N, found by dividing the corresponding ratios in line 1. But someone who depends
solely on experiment would work these out by finding the mass of O that combines with unit mass (1 g) of nitrogen.
• Line is obtained by dividing the figures the previous line by the smallest O:N ratio in the line above, which is the one for N2O. Note
that just as the law of multiple proportions says, the weight of oxygen that combines with unit weight of nitrogen work out to small
integers.
Of course we just as easily could have illustrated the law by considering the mass of nitrogen that combines with one gram of oxygen;
it works both ways!
Consider two separate compounds are formed by only carbon and oxygen. The first compound contains 42.9% carbon and 57.1%
oxygen (by mass) and the second compound contains 27.3% carbon and 72.7% oxygen (again by mass). Is this consistent with the law
of multiple proportions?