CHEMISTRY 1
MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
MATTER -refers to anything that has mass and
occupies space.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID -state of matter characterized by
particles arranged such that their shape and
volume are relatively stable.
examples: diamond,salt,gold
LIQUID -a nearly incompressible fluid that
conforms to the shape of its container but
retains a nearly constant volume.
ex: paint,oil,hcl
GAS -state of matter consisting of particles that
have neither a defined volume nor shape
ex: bubbles,fumes,helium
PLASMA -gas phase is energized until atomic
electrons are no longer associated with any
particular nucleus.
ex: fluoroscent light bulbs, stars, neon lights
BOS-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC) -state of
matter that occurs when a set of atoms is
cooled almost to absolute zero.
PROPONENTS: SATYENDRA NATH BOSE and
ALBERT EINSTEIN
ex: superconductors, superfluids
NON-MATTER -substances which has neither
mass nor volume and thus having no spaces or
doesnt have any appearance but exist.
ex: sounds, rainbow, love
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -characteristics that
can be determined without changing the
substance's molecular structure.
Examples:
COLOR - pigment or shade (I)
MALLEABILITY - substance can be flattened (I)
MASS - how much matter in the sample (E)
CONDUCTIVITY - electricity to flow through the
substance (I)
LUSTER - how shiny substance looks (I)
LENGTH - how long the sample is (E)
TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-INTENSIVE PROPERTIES -a physical property
that will be the same regardless of the amount
of matter
-EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES -a physical property
that will change if the amount of matter
changes
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -characteristics that
can be observed when substance undergoes
change in its composition.
Examples:
COROSION - natural process that converts a
refined metal into a chemically-stable form such
as oxide
FLAMMABILITY - ability of a chemical to burn or
ignite, causing a fire or combustion
TOXICITY - degree to which chemical substance
or a particular mixture of substance can damage
an organism
ACIDITY - describes the amount of acid in a
substance.
WAYS ON CLASSIFYING MATTER
1. PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
2. ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDS
3. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES AND
HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES
PURE SUBSTANCES VS MIXTURES
1. MIXTURES -made up of two or more
substances that are physically combined
Classifications: Elements and Compounds
ELEMENTS -substances that are made up of
only one type of atom and cant be broken down
into simpler substances.
COMPOUNDS -substances that are made up od
more than one type of atom and can be
separated into two or more simpler substances
by ordinary chemical reaction
Examples:
H2O (Dihydrogen Oxide)
NaHCO3 (Baking Soda)
C12H22O11 (Sugar)
2. PURE SUBSTANCES -form of matter that have
definite and unchanging chemical compositions.
Classifications: Homogenous and Heterogenous
HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES -have only one
phase or have uniform appearance throughout,
and any portion of the sample has the same
properties and composition.
HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES -made up of more
than one phase or different parts and can be
separated by physical means.
METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES INTO
THEIR COMPONENT SUBSTANCES
Filtration - separating an insoluble solid from a
liquid; insoluble - solid that can be dissolved
Example: Mixture of Sand and Water
Evaporation - separating a soluble solid from
liquid
Example: Copper Sulfate in water
Simple Distillation - separating the solvent from
solution
Example: Water separated from salt solution
Fractional Distilltion - - separating liquid from a
mixture of two or more liquids
Example: Liquid Ethanol separated from a
mixture of ethanol and water
Paper Chromatography - different colors can be
seen; separating dissolved sustances from
another
Example: Dissolved colored substances such as
inks, plant dyes, food colorings
ACCURACY, PRECISION AND SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
Similarities and differences
-Both help us understand measurements
1. Accuracy- How close a measurement or
attempt it to the actual or target value
2. Precision- How consistent our results are
regardless of proximity to the actual value
3. Significant Figures - Refers to the number of
important single digits (0 10 9 inclusive) in the
coefficient of expression in the scientific
notation; The number of significant figures in
the expression indicates the confidence or
precision with which an engineer or scientist
indicates a quantity.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES RULES
1. All non zero digits are significant
2. Leading zeros are never significant
3. Embedded zeros (zeros between two
significant figures) are always significant.
4. Trailing zeros are significant if the decimal is
specified.
5. If the calculation is an addition or subtraction,
the rule is as follows: limit the reported answer
to the rightmost column that all numbers have
significant figures in common.
6. For Multiplication or division, the rule is to
count the number of significant figures in each
number being multiplied or divided and then
limit the significant figures in the answer to the
lowest count.
7. For a number in scientific notation: N x, 10x,
all digits comprising N are significant by the first
4 rules: ”10” and “x” are not significant.
8. In the combination or a number and a unit of
measurement, the ambiguity can be avoided by
choosing a suitable unit prefix.
ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
-Leucippus (The century)
ATOMISM -A natural philosophy proposing
world is composed of an infinite number of
solid, indestructible, indivisible and
imperishable atoms that interact with one
another. The theory that indivisible particles
combine in different arrangements to compose
everything in the physical world.
-Democritus (460-370 B.C.) - Ancient greek pre-
socratic philosopher; Atomic theory of the
universe:
The universe and all matter obey the following
principles, everything is composed of atoms,
which are physically but not geometrically,
indivisible; Atoms are indestructible; Between
atoms, there lies empty spaces; Coined
“ATOMS” which means uncuttable; Matter was
like a grain of sand on a beach and composed of
tiny particles.
-John Dalton (Sept.6 1766-July 27 1844)
English school teacher and meteorologist
POSTULATES OF DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1. All mater is made up of very tiny particles
called atoms.
2. Atoms are indivisible particles which cannot
be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
3. Atoms of a given element are identical in
mass and chemical properties.
4. Atoms of different elements have different
masses and chemical properties.
5. Atoms combine in a ratio of small whole
numbers to form compounds.
6. The relative number and kinds of atoms are
constant in a given compound.
THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS ESTABLISHED BY
DALTON TO SUPPORT ATOMIC THEORY
-Law of Conservation of mass
-Law of multiple proportions
-Law of definite proportions
1. Law of Conservation of Mass - proposed by
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier; States that in a
chemical reaction matter is neither created or
destroyed; There is no detectable change in
mass during an ordinary chemical reaction.
10g + 15g (Reactants) = 25g (Product)
2. Law of Definite Proportions - Also known as
law of constant composition or proust’s law;
States that different samples of any pure
compound contain the same element is the
same proportion by mass. It is proposed by
Joseph Proust.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions - statement that
when two elements combine with each other to
form more than one compound, the weights of
one element that combine with a fixed weight
of the other are in a ratio of small whole
numbers.

DISCOVERING THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM
1. Dalton’s Model - matter is composed of tiny,
indivisible particles called atoms.
2. Thomson’s Model - Atoms were not
indivisible but were made up of smaller
subatomic particles; proved the existence of
electron.
3. Rutherford’s Model - Designed the gold-foil
experiment on how alpha particles, +2 charge,
interact with piece of gold foil.
Gold foil experiment- an experiment that
studies how alpha particles, A +2 particles
interact with piece of gold foil.
Alpha Particles- contains two protons and two
neutrons.
>Nuclear Model: States that the atom consists
of a dense center called the NUCLEUS that is
orbited by negatively charged electrons;
Electrons orbit the nucleus; The empty space
between the nucleus.
4. Bohr’s Model - electrons in an atom exist in
specific regions at various distance from the
nucleus; Electrons travel in defined circular
orbits around the nucleus.
Nucleus: 1st shell has 2 electrons, 2nd shell has 8
electrons and 3rd shell has 18 electrons.
CATIONS - positive ions that move towards the
cathode or negative electrode.
ANIONS - negative ions that move towards the
anode or positive electrode.
1897 - Also known as gas-discharge tube; this
tube proved the electrical character of atom
and experimented by JJ Thomson; A beam of
cathode rays bents toward the positive.
1896 - Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered
radioactivity, the spontaneous emission of
radiation; He discovered that x-rays could be
deflected by a magnetic field and therefore
must consist of charged particles.
1899 - Ernest Rutherford discovered the Alpha
and Beta Rays.
1900 - Marie Curie and Pierre Curie pioneered
the research on radioactivity.
1913 - Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley developed
the concept of atomic numbers; Atomic
Number tells us the number of protons in its
nucleus and that never changes. He observed
that metals produce x-rays when bombarded
with energetic electrons

CHARACTER AND BEHAVIOR OF MATTER

-Electrical Nature
-X ray and radioactivity

ELECTRICAL NATURE
1830 - Michael Faraday and Humphry Davy
demonstrated the electrical nature of matter
atoms are electrically neutral (+,-)
IONS- Atoms that carry electrical charges; from
the greek word “lEnal” or “to go”