MODULE 1

CHEMISTRY

- the study of substances such as these, in fact, chemistry is the study of all
substances and the changes that they can undergo.
- Chemistry plays a role in many fields. Chemistry has been called the central
science because it overlaps so many sciences.

MATTER

- anything that occupies space and has mass.

 Solids
- Their particles are close together; hence, they cannot be compressed and
cannot move freely from place to place, which gives solid objects a fixed
shape.
 Liquids
- particles are close together but are not held so rigidly and can move past
one another. Since the particles can flow freely, it enables liquids to take
the shape of their containers.
 Gases
- particles are far apart from each other and are arranged randomly. The
particles also move quickly in all directions. Gases can fill up any container
of any shape and size and can be compressed because of the far distances
of their molecules from one another.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
  Pure substance is a classification of matter that has a definite composition and
distinct properties. A pure substance can either be an element or a compound.
- ELEMENTS - the simplest pure substances.
- The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element
is an atom.
- COMPOUND - pure substances that are made of more than one element
bound together.
- A molecule is formed when two or more atoms chemically combine.
 Mixture - made up of two or more substances combined physically in variable
proportions. In the formation of a mixture, components retain their properties and
can be separated through physical means.
- HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES - All components of the mixture are visible because
they do not mix together. Particles not distributed evenly
- EX: sand and water, vegetable soup, oil and water
- HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES - Components cannot be distinguished from each
other, appear as one substance. Particles distributed evenly throughout
- EX: air, salt water, 10 karat gold

MODULE 2
PROPERTIES OF MATTER - Properties of matter generally pertain to a particular
substance' s characteristics that set it apart from other substances.

 PHYSICAL PROPERTY - can be measured and observed without changing the

composition of the substance. It is divided into two classifications: intensive
physical property and extensive physical property.
 Intensive/ Intrinsic
- Do not depend on the amount of matter present
- color, boiling point, melting point, solubility, conductivity, malleability, luster,
and viscosity
 Extensive/ Extrinsic
- Depends on the amount of matter present
- mass, volume, length, and shape
 CHEMICAL PROPERTY - ability to react with other substances
 Combustibility  Flammability
 Reactivity
MODULE 3
- Chemists separate mixtures using different methods such as filtration, decantation,
evaporation, distillation, magnetic separation, melting, sublimation, centrifugation,
and chromatography.

MIXTURE

 When two or more materials or substances are mixed together but do not
chemically combine.
 This means they retain their original properties.
 This means they can be separated by physical means.

FILTRATION – The process of separating the components of a suspension. The substance

which remains in the filter is called the residue. At the same time, the liquid that passes
through the filter is called the filtrate.

SEDIMENTATION – The process by which insoluble heavy particles in a liquid are allowed
to settle down.

DECANTATION – The process by which sedimented liquid is separated by pouring it into

the other container.

CHROMATOGRAPHY – It has various techniques that can be used to separate mixtures,

such as paper chromatography, which uses an adsorbent (filter paper or chromatogram
paper). The separation depends upon the solubility of each component in the solvent.

DISTILLATION – The process of separating a homogeneous mixture composed of two

substances with different boiling points. It is a method that generally uses two- phase
changes: evaporation and condensation.

MAGNETIC SEPARATION – the process of separating elemental metals from other particles
in a mixture. This process uses a magnet that exerts magnetic force to attract metallic
particles and sets them apart from a specific mixture
EVAPORATION - The process involves heating the solution until the solvent evaporates
(turns into gas), leaving behind the solid residue.

SEATWORK 3 ANSWERS

- Sublimation - a process in which a solid changes directly into its vapor

- Naphthalene - a substance that may undergo sublimation
- Naphthalene - a substance that sublimes and is used to protect warm clothes
- Sublimation - a process of separating mixtures used to separate salt and camphor
mixture.
- When a mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride is heated - Ammonium
chloride is deposited on the cooler parts of the funnel and solid common salt
remains in the china dish
- Filtration - process of separating mixtures used to separate the aqueous mixture
of salt and sand.
- Sublimation is used to separate volatile and no volatile solids.
- When sodium chloride and ammonium chloride are dissolved in water and filtered,
none is residue.
- Cream, Butter, Jelly – Examples of Heterogeneous Mixture
- Sequence of steps for separating a mixture of ammonium chloride, sand, and
common salt - Sublimation, adding water, filtration, and evaporation.

MODULE 4
JOHN DALTON

- studied the weights of various elements and compounds.

- noticed that matter is always combined in fixed ratios based on weight or volume
in gases. Chemical compounds always contain the same proportion of elements
by mass
- Dalton also observed that there could be more than one combination of two
elements.

Dalton' s Atomic Theory

1. All matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called an atom.

2. All atoms of a given element are alike but are different from the atoms of any other element.

3. A chemical reaction involves a rearrangement of atoms, not a change in atoms themselves.

4. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in fixed proportions.
ATOMS - The building blocks of matter. They are the smallest particles of an element
that still have the element' s properties.

ELEMENTS - are pure substances—such as nickel, hydrogen, and helium—that make up

all kinds of matter.

 All the atoms of a given element are identical in that they have the same number
of protons, one of the building blocks of atoms. They are also different from the
atoms of all other elements, as atoms of different elements have varying numbers
of protons.

ELECTRONS - John Joseph Thomson, 1897

- While studying the nature of cathode rays.

- He found out that the negative particles were more than 1000 times lighter than
the hydrogen atom, but its mass is the same regardless of the elements it came
from.
- He proposed the plum pudding model of atom.
- - 1.602 x 10- 19 coulomb, mass of the electron

PROTONS - Rutherford, former student of JJ Thomson, 1920

- Performed the gold foil experiment in 1909, with the hypothesis that alpha rays
should pass through the plum pudding- like structure of the gold.
- He observed that some alpha rays were deflected at a regular pattern .
- He concluded that the atom has a very positive nucleus at its center.
- 1.602 x 10^19 coulomb, mass of the proton

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

 protons, which have a positive electric charge.

 electrons, which have a negative electric charge.
 neutrons, which are neutral in electric charge.
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) - Is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom, which
means that the number of protons is the characteristic that makes each element
unique compared to all other elements.

PERIODIC TABLE - displays all of the known elements and is arranged in order of
increasing atomic number.

MASS NUMBER - defined as the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. It
can be calculated by adding the number of neutrons and protons (atomic number)
together.

FORMULA:

Mass number = atomic number + number of neutrons

Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

Atomic number = number of protons/ electrons

ISOTOPES - atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to
a change in the number of neutrons.

 While the presence of isotopes affects the mass of an atom, it does not affect
its chemical reactivity. Chemical behavior is governed by the number of electrons
and the number of protons. Carbon- 13 behaves chemically in precisely the same
way as the more plentiful carbon- 12.

MODULE 5
Molecules - a particle that consists of at least two atoms.

DIATOMIC MOLECULE - contains only two atoms.

POLYATOMIC MOLECULE - consists of more than two atoms. Some examples of
polyatomic molecules are water (H2O), which contains one hydrogen atom and two oxygen
atoms, and ammonia (NH3), composed of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms.

IONS

 are charged atoms or molecules.

 are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
 ELECTRONS: e = atomic number – net charge

CATIONS – has a net positive charge.

ANIONS – has a net negative charge.

 Ions can be monoatomic or polyatomic.

CHEMICAL FORMULA - made up of the elements and its corresponding relative number
in a compound. It is used to express the composition of molecules and compounds in
terms of chemical symbols.

Molecular formula - indicates the actual number

of each element in a compound.

Empirical formula - the simplest chemical formula.

STRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR MODELS

- The structural formula shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule.
It is best represented using molecular models like the ball- and- stick model and
the space- filling model.
- In the ball- and- stick model kits, the atoms are
represented by color- coded plastic balls with holes
in them. The sticks represent the chemical bonds.
In spacefilling models, the atoms are represented
by connected balls; hence the bonds are not visible.
The balls are proportional to the size of the atoms.