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- Filtrate
– gas without the solid component (ex: air
conditioners and water purifiers)
Distillation
– separate two or more different liquids and
gases that form a mixture
- it can also be used to separate solids that
are small for porous membranes to
separate from their fluid medium, relies on
volatilities of components
Distillate – condensed vapor
(Uses: perfume, alcoholic drinks, and, crude - ● From the discovery of Proust,
oil production; and desalination of discovered that proportions of
seawater) masses in a compound can be
expressed in numerical ratios.
Chromatography
- ● “The tendecy among elements in a
– can be used to separate constituent parts compound to form a ratio of small
of a mixture, particularly homogenous whole numbers ”
mixtures
- fixed medium could be paper, gel, or
TIMELINE OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM
cellulose
NOTABLE PERSONALITIES
LAWS OF MATTER
JOHN DALTON - Solid Sphere Model
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- ● Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
JOHN JOSEPH THOMSON - Plum pudding
- ● French chemist, experimented
Model
with mercury in a jar
- ● “Matter is neither created nor ERNEST RUTHERFORD - Nuclear Model
destroyed, but it is transformed
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
from one form to another.”
- ● When matter reacts with another JOHN JOSEPH THOMSON – Electron
matter, the sum of the masses of the ERNEST RUTHERFORD – PROTON
resulting products would always be
the same as the initial total mass of JAMES CHADWICK – NEUTRON
the unreacted matter NOTABLE PERSONALITIES
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS NIELS BOHR ERWIN SCHRODINGER
- Joseph Proust - • Assigned orbits to electrons that
- ● Fellow chemist of Lavoisier, correspond to their energy leveL
experimented with pyrite (FeS2 ) - Planetary model of the atom
- ● “All compounds are made up of - •The farther the electron’s orbit is
fixed proportions of elements in from the nucleus, the less energy
terms of mass” would be needed to remove that
- ● The proporions are constant electron and transfer it farther.
regardless of where the compound
came from or how it was made ERWIN SCHRODINGER
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS - • He found out that electrons are
moving, exact position cannot be
- ● John Dalton pinpointed
- • Electron cloud model
- • This is the accepted accurate
depiction of atomic structure
METALS
ATOMIC SYMBOL – Represents the symbol
of the element - Nearly 70% of known elements
- Lustrous
ATOMIC NUMBER – Represents the number
Good conductor of heat & electricity
of proton an element
Malleable
ATOMIC MASS – Represents the sum of the
masses of the atom’s protons and neutrons NONMETALS
has Lower melting points and densities
Form brittle solids
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
Reactive nonmetals and noble gases
METALLOIDS
Properties fall somewhere between
metals and nonmetals
Have metalic appearance
usually brittle
not as good as metals in conducting
electricity
MOLECULES
- Larger particle or structure formed
ISOTOPES when two or more atoms are
• It is a variant of an element but has more bonded together.
- • Monatomic – single atom
neutrons than the element’s stable form
molecule(ex: diamond, pure gold)
. • The atoms of an element’s isotope have - • Diatomic – molecule with 2 atoms
greater mass, although extra neutron (ex: Cl2 , I2 , Br2 )
makes an isotope unstable. - • Polyatomic - molecule with 3 or
more atoms (ex: C6H12O6 , CaCO3 )
• Number of protons is the same in all
IONS – particles that have a net charge
isotopes of a given element.
(formed when an atom loses or gains
electrons)
• Cations – positively (+) charged
• Anions – negatively (-) charged attached to one another within the
molecule, but not the actual size of
• IONIC COMPOUND – formed from the
the atom
transfer of electrons between cation and
anion combine Space-filling model
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS – gives more realistic representation of the
space occupied by the atoms since it shows
- Form from the sharing of electrons
the relative sizes of the atoms
between reactive nonmetals
- Gases, low-boiling liquids, low-
melting solids
- Ex: methane gas, water, alcohols,
chewing gum
Ball-and-stick-models
- shows atoms as spheres and bonds
as sticks
- accurately represent the bonds and
bond angles at which atoms are