MATTER AND ITS COMPONENTS
cooling an object close to absolute zero
• Matter is any physical substance
that possesses mass and occupies
space (volume), setting it apart from
other fundamental concepts in
science.
• Mass is the amount of matter in an
object. (heaviness or lightness)
• Weight is the amount of earth’s
gravitational pull on a certain object.
(more massive objects – more
gravitational pull – heavier)
• Volume is the amount of space an
object occupies. (big or small)
Kinetic Theory of Matter (Particle Theory)
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles
2. All particles of one substance are the
same.
3. Different pure substances are made of
different particles.
4. Particles are always moving.
5. There are attractive forces between
particles.
Phases of Matter and Phases Change
Particles
SOLID - Densely-packed particles of matter;
attractive forces are very strong; particles
are in fixed position
Liquid- Particles that are not as densely
packed as solids; still exert attractive forces;
has the ability to flow
Gas- Distance between particles is very
high; have less attractive forces; have the
highest freedom to move
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE- It is
produced when matter is cooled to
extremely low temperature; achieved by
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical - Can be measured without having
to change the identity of the substance
through chemical change (ex: volume, mass,
density)
Chemical - Properties that can only be
determined by making a substance react
with another; dependent on the chemical
identity and composition of substance (ex:
flammability)
Extensive - Value depends on the amount
of matter being measured
Intensive - Inherent in the substance itself
regardless of its quantity
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
Physical
- Transformation of matter from one
state to another that only changes
the form of that matter
- Physical properties such as size,
color, density and mass become
different
- Ex: chopping of wood, cutting of
paper
Chemical change
- Transformation of the chemical
identity of matter through chemical
reactions
- Transform the reactants to products
- Ex: burning, rotting, cooking
Measurements
- These are observations of the
physical and chemical properties
and changes that matter undergoes
 that are often reported
quantitatively
Units of measurement
- Units quantify the property of an
object and gives full context to the
numbers of the property being
measured
- Metric system – invented by French
in the 18th century; based on the
powers of ten
- English system – system used in
some US countries
- International system of Units (SI
Units) - 1960; global standard
definition of units of measurement Physical Methods of Separation
that would remain the same
regardless of the place where it is Filtration – involves the separation of the
used solid component of a mixture from its liquid
- Derived units - other units of component; and solids mixed with gases –
measurement obtained by a
- mixture passes through porous surface or
combination of base units
membrane that enables liquids or gases to
pass but the solids
Residue – separated solids

- Filtrate
– gas without the solid component (ex: air
conditioners and water purifiers)
Distillation
– separate two or more different liquids and
gases that form a mixture
- it can also be used to separate solids that
are small for porous membranes to
separate from their fluid medium, relies on
volatilities of components
Distillate – condensed vapor
(Uses: perfume, alcoholic drinks, and, crude
oil production; and desalination of
seawater)
Chromatography
– can be used to separate constituent parts
of a mixture, particularly homogenous
mixtures
- fixed medium could be paper, gel, or
cellulose
LAWS OF MATTER
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
- ● Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
- ● French chemist, experimented
with mercury in a jar
- ● “Matter is neither created nor
destroyed, but it is transformed
from one form to another.”
- ● When matter reacts with another
matter, the sum of the masses of
the resulting products would always
be the same as the initial total mass
of the unreacted matter
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
- Joseph Proust
- ● Fellow chemist of Lavoisier,
experimented with pyrite (FeS2 )
- ● “All compounds are made up of
fixed proportions of elements in
terms of mass”
- ● The proporions are constant
regardless of where the compound
came from or how it was made
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
- ● John Dalton
- ● From the discovery of Proust,
discovered that proportions of
masses in a compound can be
expressed in numerical ratios.
- ● “The tendecy among elements in a
compound to form a ratio of small
whole numbers ”
TIMELINE OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM
NOTABLE PERSONALITIES
JOHN DALTON - Solid Sphere Model
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
JOHN JOSEPH THOMSON - Plum pudding
Model
ERNEST RUTHERFORD - Nuclear Model
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
JOHN JOSEPH THOMSON – Electron
ERNEST RUTHERFORD – PROTON
JAMES CHADWICK – NEUTRON
NOTABLE PERSONALITIES
NIELS BOHR ERWIN SCHRODINGER
- • Assigned orbits to electrons that
correspond to their energy leveL
- Planetary model of the atom
- •The farther the electron’s orbit is
from the nucleus, the less energy
would be needed to remove that
electron and transfer it farther.
ERWIN SCHRODINGER
- • He found out that electrons are
moving, exact position cannot be
pinpointed
- • Electron cloud model
 - • This is the accepted accurate
depiction of atomic structure
ATOMIC SYMBOL – Represents the symbol
of the element
ATOMIC NUMBER – Represents the number
of proton an element
ATOMIC MASS – Represents the sum of the
masses of the atom’s protons and neutrons
has
ISOTOPES
• It is a variant of an element but has more
neutrons than the element’s stable form
. • The atoms of an element’s isotope have
greater mass, although extra neutron
makes an isotope unstable.
• Number of protons is the same in all
isotopes of a given element.
METALS
- Nearly 70% of known elements
- Lustrous
⚫ Good conductor of heat & electricity
⚫ Malleable
NONMETALS
⚫ Lower melting points and densities
⚫ Form brittle solids
⚫ Poor conductor of heat and electricity
⚫ Reactive nonmetals and noble gases
METALLOIDS
⚫ Properties fall somewhere between
metals and nonmetals
⚫ Have metalic appearance
⚫ usually brittle
⚫ not as good as metals in conducting
electricity
MOLECULES
- Larger particle or structure formed
when two or more atoms are
bonded together.
- • Monatomic – single atom
molecule(ex: diamond, pure gold)
- • Diatomic – molecule with 2 atoms
(ex: Cl2 , I2 , Br2 )
- • Polyatomic - molecule with 3 or
more atoms (ex: C6H12O6 , CaCO3 )
IONS – particles that have a net charge
(formed when an atom loses or gains
electrons)
• Cations – positively (+) charged
• Anions – negatively (-) charged attached to one another within the
molecule, but not the actual size of
• IONIC COMPOUND – formed from the
the atom
transfer of electrons between cation and
anion combine Space-filling model
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS – gives more realistic representation of the
space occupied by the atoms since it shows
- Form from the sharing of electrons
the relative sizes of the atoms
between reactive nonmetals
- Gases, low-boiling liquids, low-
melting solids
- Ex: methane gas, water, alcohols,
chewing gum

Ball-and-stick-models
- shows atoms as spheres and bonds
as sticks
- accurately represent the bonds and
bond angles at which atoms are