Matter and Its properties Mass

- measure of the amount in an object - how much matter - (kg, g, lb)

Phases and classification - 1 kg - 1,000 grams
- 1 kg - 2.21 lbs
Matter Ex. male = 60 kg

- Anything that occupies space and has mass, and it is all around us
Weight
- Matter can b classified according it its phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma
- it refers to the forces that gravity exerts on an object - (newtons = kg x m/s^2)
- We can define everything as matter
- Yung gravity is diff places
- The gravity in diff planets r diff
Phases of matter
- Gravitational force = 9.8 m/s^2
Ex. male = 60 kg (mass)
- In the solid phase, the molecules are closely bound to one another by Weight = 60 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 = 588 N or m/s^2
molecular forces. A solid holds its shape and its volume fixed by its shape ;
di na gagalaw nag c change ng form !! firmed and fixed; it has regular shape, Law of conservation
since the molecules r dikit dikit - There is no changes in the total quantity of matter ket na nag iba iba na xia ng
phase
- In liquid phase, the molecular forces are weaker than in a solid, A liquid will - Ket na from one type to another (a chemical change
take the shape of its container w a free surface in a gravitational field. - Changes among solid, liquid or gaseous state (a physical change)
Regardless of gravity, a liquid has fixed volume - Di nagbabago ung mass !!
- A matter cannot be destroyed
- In gas phase, the molecular forces - very weak ; weak binding ; a gas fills its
container, taking both the shape and the volume of the container
Pure substance
- Constant composition
- A plasma - a gaseous state of matter - contains electricity or electrically
- Same makeup and properties
charged particles ; seen in stars ;
- Divided into:

- BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE - Atoms r intact, formed a single atom by low 1. Elements

temperature - Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical changes
- As is na xia
- The greater the energy u apply, dun na convert cla into diff phases !! - Constant all throughout

2. Compounds
- Pure substance that is combination of diff substance/elements
- These are pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes, this
breakdown may produce either elements or other compounds or both
Mixture Chemical change
- 2 or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be - Composition of diff matter and substances
separated by physical changes - We manipulate substances 2 create an ideal solution or chemical reaction
- Harder to reverse than physical change
1. Heterogeneous mixture - Observation :
- The composition uniform- throughout identifiable ung properties, like water + 1. Temperature changes (either the temperature increases or decreases)
oil 2. Light gives off
- Composition is not uniform 3. Unexpected color changes (a substances w a diff color is made, rather
than just mixing the original colors together)
2. Homogeneous mixture
- same ung phase throughout the mixture, like coffee + water Property - it describes the matter
- Composition is uniform Extensive - means measurements
- There is one one phase of matter observes in a homogenous mixture at a time
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Extensive property
Physical properties - Depends on the amount of matter that is present
- Characteristics of matter that is not associated w a change in its chemical - Ex : volume, mass, size, weight and length
composition
- Can be observed or measured w/o changing the identity of the substance Intensive property
- Ex. density, color hardness, malleability, solubility, melting point, boiling point - Do not depend on the amount of matter that is present
and electrical conductivity - Ex: density, boiling point, density, state of matter, color, melting point, odor,
- temperature and hardness

Physical change Periodic table of elements

- Change in the state or properties of matter without - The periodic table is a table of elements that places elements w similar
- Pwede nating baguhin yung physical nya like shape + color + deforming pero di properties close together
nag c change yung chemical identities
- The types of compounds or elements r di nag c change b! Law of matter/Chemical laws

Physical change 1. Law of conservation of

- Changes of state mass
- Separation of a mixture - “Nothing comes from
- Physical deformation nothing” - important
- Making solutions idea in ancient greek
philosophy that argues
Chemical properties that what exist now has always existen, since no new matter can come into
- From one type of matter into another type existence where there was none before
- Changing sa identity - Walang nag e exist ngayon kung walang nag exist b4
- To undergo some chemical change or reaction by the virtue of its composition - Kung ano ung total mass before mag undergo
- Include inflammability, toxicity, acidity and many other types of reactivity ng chemical change, is the same pa rin
2. Law of definite proportion/Prous’s law Measurement
- Joseph Proust (1754-1826) - - Fundamental quantities and their SI units / system international unit
- This law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent
elements, the masses of the constituents will always have the same
proportions, regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance
- If we break down a compounds into elements, yung magiging amount non is
proportionally equal !!

Scientific notation

Significant Figures
- Number of digits in a value; ginagamit to now the accuracy of the value
- The digits that carry meaning in a number & contribute to itd precision. The
3. Law of multiple proportion number of significant figures is related to the number of numerical digits used
- Many combinations of elements react to form more than once compound. In to express the measurement
such cases, this law states that the weights of one element that combine w a
fixed weight of another elements are integer multiples of one another Rules
1. Any digit that is not zero is significant
Ex. 1.234 kg - 4 significant figures
2. Zeros between significant digits are significant
Ex. 606 m - 3 significant figures
3. Zeros to the left of first nonzero digits r not significant
Ex. 0.18 L - 2 significant figures
4. If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the decimal are
significant
Ex. 2.0 mg - 2 significant figures
2000 - 2000. - 1 significant figure (canceled ung zeros, since hindi before
decimal)
5. If a number is less than the zeros that are at the end in the middle of the
number are significant
Atomic structure and quantum numbers
● Atoms - smallest particle of an element or compound that can have a stable Dalton’s atomic theory by John Dalton (1808)
independent existence - Elements r composed of extremely small particles called atoms
● Molecule - a group of atoms together, representing the smallest fundamental - All atoms of a given element r identical, having the same size, mass and
unit of a chemical compound than can take part in a chemical reaction chemical properties - identical ung atoms
● Proton - type of subatomic particle w positive charge - Compounds r composed of atoms of more than one element - the ration of the
● Electron - negative charge numbers of atoms of any two of the element present can be integer or a
● Neutron - no charge (neutral) simple fraction - yung mixture is may pattern or ratio, indi random
- A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination or
Atom importance rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction -
- Matter r determined by the arrangement of the atoms - to identify the certain nag combine lang but does not change the properties
element or substance
- Chemical processes depend on the atomic structures of the reacting Joseph John Thomson (1897)
substances - Physicist - worked on cathode rays (1897)
- Discovered electron, concluded that they were competent of every atom
Atom definition - Overturned the belief that atoms are the indivisible, ultimate particles of
- basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical reaction matter
- Tiny particles that compose matter
- Smallest particle of any element that still retains the characteristics of that Plum pudding model by JJ Thomson
element - Electrons were distributed throughout the atom; possibly rotating in rings, w
- From greek word - “Atomos”, means uncuttable indivisible (by democritus - a their charge balanced by the presence of a uniform sea of positive charge
greek philosopher)
Rutherford model
The structure of atom - Most of the mass are concentrated into Nucleus at the center of the atom
- Composed of Subatomic particles including
- Electrons Earnest Rutherford
- Protons - Gold foil experiment or Geiger-marsden experiment
- Neutrons - Sabi ung pinaka dense the part is the middle

Subatomic particles Neil Bohr

- 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10^-24 g - Nucleus - centermost part of atom where p and n r located
- Protons and neutrons are nearler 2,000 times more massive than electrons - Energy level/orbit/shell - e r located
- The lowest is electron, - Valence electrons - electrons in the outermost energy level

Sommerfield model of atom

- Solar system depiction of atomic structure

Modern atomic model

- Electrons r depicted as clouds of negative charge surrounding the nucleus
Historical background
 - The density of the small dots is related to the probability of finding the Isotopes
electron at a particular location - Atoms that h same atomic
Structure of Atom number but diff mass
- Basic unit of matter - hv a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of number
negatively charged electrons - Atoms of an element that
- The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, surrounded by diff in the number of
electrons belonging to the atom neutrons in their nucleus
- Atomic number - total number of the protons - Same Z but different A
- Neutral atoms - equal number of protons and electrons, as well neutrons. - Same protons, same
However, pwede magiba yung # of electrons, and nag i increase ung stability atomic number but diff neutrons
and resulting charges entity called ion
Isotopic abundance - mass percentage of an isotope in a naturally occurring element
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
- Instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level
- By Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer

Atomic symbol, number and mass

Atomic symbol
- Chemical symbol for presenting the element
- Info regarding atomic structure is written in scientific shorthand
- E = atomic symbol
- Superscript A = mass number
- Subscript Z = atomic number

Atomic number (Z)

- the number of protons in a nucleus
Atomic number = number of protons Ion
- If atom is neutral: number of protons = - An atom or group of atoms that
number of electrons has net positive
- Maybe either cation or anion
Mass number (A) 1. Cation - ion w positive charge
- sum of the number of proton and - If a neutral atom loses one or
neutrons (nucleons) in a nucleus more electrons = cation
- A = # of P + # of N
- A = Atomic number (Z) + number of 2. Anion - ion qw negative change
neutrons - If neutral atom gains one or more electrons, it become anion
- Number of neutrons = Mass number - atomic number
- Electrons = atomic number - charge
- Charge for ion (cation and anion)
Quantum Numbers
- Describes the position and energy of the electron within the atom
Electron configuration
- According to Pauli exclusion principles, no two electrons can share combination
of 4 quantum numbers

Quantum numbers
1. n - principal quantum number
2. l - orbital angular momentum quantum number
3. ml - magnetic quantum number
4. ms - electron spin quantum number
Experiment act
- Group yourselves into 8
- Will upload online
- Write the purpose and functions
- And what type of experiment does a glassware is applicable
- Any group name
- Review the activity
- Lab report every sat (printed) - kmi na mag p print ng lab report
- Will add discussion (what did u learned, r the experiment is consistent w the
expected result)

Grading system
Class standing - 60% - lab report
Examination - 40% - midterm & finals
- Lahat ng nacover ng experiment (process; how will u do a certain procedure;
identification)