Lesson 1.

3 - Pure Substances and Mixtures arrangement of all known elements according

to their chemical properties.
Matter
 Periodic Table of Elements
– may be classified according to their state or - A useful tool that can help in identifying
phase: solid, liquid, gas. elements that exhibit similar properties.
- Classified elements into 3 categoris:
- Can be classified according to their properties:
o Metals – leftmost of the periodic table.
 Physical Properties – observable even
o Nonmetals – rightmost of the periodic
without changing the composition of
table.
matter. Color, size, and shape.
o Metalloids – staircase-like line between
 Chemical Properties – observed once a
metals and nonmetals.
material undergoes a chemical reaction.
 Metals
Flammability, reactivity, biodegradability.
- General properties of metal are: solid at room
- Matter may be classified according to their
temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile,
composition:
heat/electricity conductors.
 Pure substances – matter have a fixed or
 Nonmetals
definite composition.
- General properties of nonmetals are: opposite
 Mixtures – combinations of two or more
of metals, gaseous or dull solids, poor
substances.
conductors of heat and electricity.
Pure Substances  Metalloids
- Exhibit properties of both metals and
- A kind of matter with a definite or fixed
nonmetals.
composition.
- Conducts heat and electricity but not as good
- Made up of a specific number of atoms or
as how metals act as conductors.
groups of atoms that are combined through a
- Semiconductors.
chemical reaction.
- Has definite physical and chemical properties.
- Classified into elements and compounds. Atoms
 Compounds (Pure Substances)
of an element, molecules of an element,
- Composed of two or more different elements
molecules of a compound.
that are combined in a fixed ratio by a chemical
reaction.
 Element (Pure Substance)
- Many compounds are found in the
- The simplest form of matter
environment.
- Made up of only one kind of atom.
- Some compounds are formed when an element
- Elements of different kinds also differ in the
reacts with another element.
atoms that make them up.
- Some compounds are products of chemical
- Cannot be decomposed into simpler forms by
reactions between two or more compounds.
physical or chemical means.
- Chemical bonds cannot be broken easily.
- React with one another to form a new
- Unlike elements, compounds can be broken
substance.
down into simpler forms by chemical means.
- 118 elements known to exist arranged in the
- The properties of elements that make up a
periodic table of elements. 94 of these are
compound are different from the particles of
naturally occurring and 24 of these are
the compound formed.
synthetic. The periodic table of elements is the
o Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or table salt – one
Na Atom and one Cl Atom.
 o Its constituent elements are harmful and
toxic.
- May be classified according to the specific
elements present.
o Organic compounds – contains carbon and
hydrogen. Examples include carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, etc.
o Inorganic Compounds – do not contain
carbon-hydrogen bonds. An example is CO2,
H2O, table salt (NaCl)
- Homogeneous Mixtures may be solid, liquid, or
Mixtures
gas.
- Consists of two or more pure substances that
are combined physically.  Heterogeneous Mixtures
- No chemical reaction between the - Consists of substances that are not evenly
components. distributed throughout
- Components retain their characteristic - The components can be distinguished from
properties when mixed together. each other by the naked eye.
- Each component has the same chemical - Can be further classified as colloids or
makeup it had before the mixture is formed. suspensions.
- Do not have definite properties and infinite  Colloids
properties. - A heterogeneous mixture with particles that are
- Properties depend on the substances that are bigger than those in a solution but smaller than
present in it. those in a suspension.
- May be further classified as homogeneous or - Particles do not settle at the bottom even after
heterogenous. being left to stand for a long time
- Exhibit Tyndall Effect.
 Homogeneous Mixtures o Tyndal effect is the phenomenon
- Consists of substances that are evenly wherein light is scattered.
distributed all throughout
- The components cannot be distinguished from
each other by the naked eye.
- Also known as solution.
 Solution
- Composed of two components:  Suspensions
o Solute – the substance that is dissolved - A heterogeneous mixture with suspended
particles that are large enough to be seen by
y another substance; exists in smaller
the naked eye.
amounts.
- Particles settle at the bottom of the container
o Solvent – the dissolving medium in
due to gravity.
which the solute dissolves; most
abundant
 Soluble – when substances dissolve in a
given solvent.
 Miscible – when liquids are soluble in each
other at all proportions