INORGANIC & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)

1ST YEAR SEMESTER 1

CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS Fundamental Chemical Laws

Chemistry John Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Study of matter and the changes it 1. All matter is composed of very tiny
undergoes particles called atoms.
Matter 2. All atoms of the same element have the
- Anything that occupies space and has same chemical properties. Atoms of
mass different elements have different
- Divided into pure substances and chemical properties.
mixtures 3. In a chemical reaction, no atom of any
Pure Substances element disappears or is changed into
- Fixed composition an atom of another element.
- Cannot be further purified 4. Compounds are formed by the chemical
- Divided into elements and compounds combination of two or more of the same
Elements or different kinds of atoms.
- Cannot be subdivided by chemical or 5. Molecules are a tightly bound
physical means combination of two or more atoms that
Compounds acts as a single unit.
- Elements united in fixed ratios
Mixtures Law of conservation of mass
- Combination of two or more pure - Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)
substances - matter can neither be created nor
- Physically separable into pure substances destroyed
- Divided into homogeneous matter and
heterogeneous matter Law of constant consumption
Homogeneous matter - Joseph Proust (1754-1826)
- Uniform composition throughout - Any compound is always made up of
Heterogeneous matter elements in the same proportion by
- Non uniform composition mass.

Classification of matter Law of multiple proportions

Substance
- has a definite composition and distinct
properties
Element
- Consists of identical atoms
Compound
- Made up of 2 or more elements in a fixed
ratio by mass
Elements
Monoatomic - single atom
Diatomic - H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (7)
Polyatomic - 3 or more atoms per molecule (O3,
P4, S8) ex. diamond
Molecular formula - letters
Structural formula - lines
Ball-and stick model - balls and stick
Space-filling model - size
- John Dalton
- Different compounds made up of the
same element differ in the number of
atoms of each kind that combine.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chemical Reaction
- process in which one or more substances
are converted into one or more new
substances
Chemical Equation
- shorthand notation to describe a
chemical reaction.
- symbolic representation of a chemical
reaction that shows:
a. reactants on left side of reaction
b. products on right side of equation
c. relative amounts of each using
stoichiometric coefficient
 - reactants produce/yield the product
-

*triangle - heat
*H2O - water
*U.V. - sunlight
*catalyst

*always treat the polyatomic ion as one unit

Precipitation reaction
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