CH - 1: Basics

● Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space is called
Matter.
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed but it can
change its forms; thus the total quantity of matter of the
universe is constant.

● Chemical classification
❖Mixture
Mixture is a material obtained by mixing two or
more substances (elements or compounds) in
any proposition.

➔ Homogenous mixture
It has a uniform composition or the same
composition throughout the universe.

➔ Heterogeneous mixture
Heterogeneous mixture consists of two or
more parts.
They don’t form a uniform composition.

❖Pure substances
A pure substance is a matter which has the
same composition and properties.
 ➔ Elements
An element consists of only one kind of atom.
Elements cannot be broken down into a simpler
type of matter either by physical or chemical
memes.
➢ Metals
Metals are conductors due to free
electrons.
Metals are malleable and ductile.
Metals are solid at room temperature
except mercury.
Metals have lustre.
Metals are sonorous.
NOTE- sodium, potassium and lithium are soft metals.
➢ Non Metals
Non-lustrous
Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Have generally lower melting points than
metals.
NOTE- graphite is an exception for above given
properties.
Non metals exist either in the form of solid
or gases except bromine.
➢ Metalloids
It is also known as semi-metal.
It has intermediate properties between
the metals and non-metals.
Used in the semiconductor industry.
Ex- silicon (si) and Germanium (ge)
➔ Compounds
Compound is a pure substance.
Compound consists of atoms of two or
more elements combined together in some
fixed preposition by weight.
It can be decomposed into two or more
elements by a suitable method.
Compound differ in chemical and physical
properties from their constitution
elements

➔ Alloys
Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or
more metals or metal with non-metals.
Any alloy with mercury is known as
amalgam.